builtin-stat.c

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/*
 * builtin-stat.c
 *
 * Builtin stat command: Give a precise performance counters summary
 * overview about any workload, CPU or specific PID.
 *
 * Sample output:

   $ perf stat ./hackbench 10

  Time: 0.118

  Performance counter stats for './hackbench 10':

       1708.761321 task-clock                #   11.037 CPUs utilized
            41,190 context-switches          #    0.024 M/sec
             6,735 CPU-migrations            #    0.004 M/sec
            17,318 page-faults               #    0.010 M/sec
     5,205,202,243 cycles                    #    3.046 GHz
     3,856,436,920 stalled-cycles-frontend   #   74.09% frontend cycles idle
     1,600,790,871 stalled-cycles-backend    #   30.75% backend  cycles idle
     2,603,501,247 instructions              #    0.50  insns per cycle
                                             #    1.48  stalled cycles per insn
       484,357,498 branches                  #  283.455 M/sec
         6,388,934 branch-misses             #    1.32% of all branches

        0.154822978  seconds time elapsed

 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008-2011, Red Hat Inc, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
 *
 * Improvements and fixes by:
 *
 *   Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
 *   Yanmin Zhang <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
 *   Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
 *   Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
 *   Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
 *   Jaswinder Singh Rajput <jaswinder@kernel.org>
 *
 * Released under the GPL v2. (and only v2, not any later version)
 */

#include "perf.h"
#include "builtin.h"
#include "util/cgroup.h"
#include "util/util.h"
#include <subcmd/parse-options.h>
#include "util/parse-events.h"
#include "util/pmu.h"
#include "util/event.h"
#include "util/evlist.h"
#include "util/evsel.h"
#include "util/debug.h"
#include "util/drv_configs.h"
#include "util/color.h"
#include "util/stat.h"
#include "util/header.h"
#include "util/cpumap.h"
#include "util/thread.h"
#include "util/thread_map.h"
#include "util/counts.h"
#include "util/group.h"
#include "util/session.h"
#include "util/tool.h"
#include "util/string2.h"
#include "util/metricgroup.h"
#include "asm/bug.h"

#include <linux/time64.h>
#include <api/fs/fs.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

#include "sane_ctype.h"

#define DEFAULT_SEPARATOR   " "
#define CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED  "<not supported>"
#define CNTR_NOT_COUNTED    "<not counted>"
#define FREEZE_ON_SMI_PATH  "devices/cpu/freeze_on_smi"

static void print_counters(struct timespec *ts, int argc, const char **argv);

/* Default events used for perf stat -T */
static const char *transaction_attrs = {
    "task-clock,"
    "{"
    "instructions,"
    "cycles,"
    "cpu/cycles-t/,"
    "cpu/tx-start/,"
    "cpu/el-start/,"
    "cpu/cycles-ct/"
    "}"
};

/* More limited version when the CPU does not have all events. */
static const char * transaction_limited_attrs = {
    "task-clock,"
    "{"
    "instructions,"
    "cycles,"
    "cpu/cycles-t/,"
    "cpu/tx-start/"
    "}"
};

static const char * topdown_attrs[] = {
    "topdown-total-slots",
    "topdown-slots-retired",
    "topdown-recovery-bubbles",
    "topdown-fetch-bubbles",
    "topdown-slots-issued",
    NULL,
};

static const char *smi_cost_attrs = {
    "{"
    "msr/aperf/,"
    "msr/smi/,"
    "cycles"
    "}"
};

static struct perf_evlist   *evsel_list;

static struct rblist         metric_events;

static struct target target = {
    .uid    = UINT_MAX,
};

typedef int (*aggr_get_id_t)(struct cpu_map *m, int cpu);

static int          run_count           =  1;
static bool         no_inherit          = false;
static volatile pid_t       child_pid           = -1;
static bool         null_run            =  false;
static int          detailed_run            =  0;
static bool         transaction_run;
static bool         topdown_run         = false;
static bool         smi_cost            = false;
static bool         smi_reset           = false;
static bool         big_num             =  true;
static int          big_num_opt         =  -1;
static const char       *csv_sep            = NULL;
static bool         csv_output          = false;
static bool         group               = false;
static const char       *pre_cmd            = NULL;
static const char       *post_cmd           = NULL;
static bool         sync_run            = false;
static unsigned int     initial_delay           = 0;
static unsigned int     unit_width          = 4; /* strlen("unit") */
static bool         forever             = false;
static bool         metric_only         = false;
static bool         force_metric_only       = false;
static bool         no_merge            = false;
static bool         walltime_run_table      = false;
static struct timespec      ref_time;
static struct cpu_map       *aggr_map;
static aggr_get_id_t        aggr_get_id;
static bool         append_file;
static bool         interval_count;
static const char       *output_name;
static int          output_fd;
static int          print_free_counters_hint;
static int          print_mixed_hw_group_error;
static u64          *walltime_run;
static bool         ru_display          = false;
static struct rusage        ru_data;

struct perf_stat {
    bool             record;
    struct perf_data     data;
    struct perf_session *session;
    u64          bytes_written;
    struct perf_tool     tool;
    bool             maps_allocated;
    struct cpu_map      *cpus;
    struct thread_map   *threads;
    enum aggr_mode       aggr_mode;
};

static struct perf_stat     perf_stat;
#define STAT_RECORD     perf_stat.record

static volatile int done = 0;

static struct perf_stat_config stat_config = {
    .aggr_mode  = AGGR_GLOBAL,
    .scale      = true,
};

static bool is_duration_time(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
{
    return !strcmp(evsel->name, "duration_time");
}

static inline void diff_timespec(struct timespec *r, struct timespec *a,
                 struct timespec *b)
{
    r->tv_sec = a->tv_sec - b->tv_sec;
    if (a->tv_nsec < b->tv_nsec) {
        r->tv_nsec = a->tv_nsec + NSEC_PER_SEC - b->tv_nsec;
        r->tv_sec--;
    } else {
        r->tv_nsec = a->tv_nsec - b->tv_nsec ;
    }
}

static void perf_stat__reset_stats(void)
{
    int i;

    perf_evlist__reset_stats(evsel_list);
    perf_stat__reset_shadow_stats();

    for (i = 0; i < stat_config.stats_num; i++)
        perf_stat__reset_shadow_per_stat(&stat_config.stats[i]);
}

static int create_perf_stat_counter(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
{
    struct perf_event_attr *attr = &evsel->attr;
    struct perf_evsel *leader = evsel->leader;

    if (stat_config.scale) {
        attr->read_format = PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED |
                    PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING;
    }

    /*
     * The event is part of non trivial group, let's enable
     * the group read (for leader) and ID retrieval for all
     * members.
     */
    if (leader->nr_members > 1)
        attr->read_format |= PERF_FORMAT_ID|PERF_FORMAT_GROUP;

    attr->inherit = !no_inherit;

    /*
     * Some events get initialized with sample_(period/type) set,
     * like tracepoints. Clear it up for counting.
     */
    attr->sample_period = 0;

    /*
     * But set sample_type to PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER, which should be harmless
     * while avoiding that older tools show confusing messages.
     *
     * However for pipe sessions we need to keep it zero,
     * because script's perf_evsel__check_attr is triggered
     * by attr->sample_type != 0, and we can't run it on
     * stat sessions.
     */
    if (!(STAT_RECORD && perf_stat.data.is_pipe))
        attr->sample_type = PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER;

    /*
     * Disabling all counters initially, they will be enabled
     * either manually by us or by kernel via enable_on_exec
     * set later.
     */
    if (perf_evsel__is_group_leader(evsel)) {
        attr->disabled = 1;

        /*
         * In case of initial_delay we enable tracee
         * events manually.
         */
        if (target__none(&target) && !initial_delay)
            attr->enable_on_exec = 1;
    }

    if (target__has_cpu(&target) && !target__has_per_thread(&target))
        return perf_evsel__open_per_cpu(evsel, perf_evsel__cpus(evsel));

    return perf_evsel__open_per_thread(evsel, evsel_list->threads);
}

/*
 * Does the counter have nsecs as a unit?
 */
static inline int nsec_counter(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
{
    if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, SOFTWARE, SW_CPU_CLOCK) ||
        perf_evsel__match(evsel, SOFTWARE, SW_TASK_CLOCK))
        return 1;

    return 0;
}

static int process_synthesized_event(struct perf_tool *tool __maybe_unused,
                     union perf_event *event,
                     struct perf_sample *sample __maybe_unused,
                     struct machine *machine __maybe_unused)
{
    if (perf_data__write(&perf_stat.data, event, event->header.size) < 0) {
        pr_err("failed to write perf data, error: %m\n");
        return -1;
    }

    perf_stat.bytes_written += event->header.size;
    return 0;
}

static int write_stat_round_event(u64 tm, u64 type)
{
    return perf_event__synthesize_stat_round(NULL, tm, type,
                         process_synthesized_event,
                         NULL);
}

#define WRITE_STAT_ROUND_EVENT(time, interval) \
    write_stat_round_event(time, PERF_STAT_ROUND_TYPE__ ## interval)

#define SID(e, x, y) xyarray__entry(e->sample_id, x, y)

static int
perf_evsel__write_stat_event(struct perf_evsel *counter, u32 cpu, u32 thread,
                 struct perf_counts_values *count)
{
    struct perf_sample_id *sid = SID(counter, cpu, thread);

    return perf_event__synthesize_stat(NULL, cpu, thread, sid->id, count,
                       process_synthesized_event, NULL);
}

/*
 * Read out the results of a single counter:
 * do not aggregate counts across CPUs in system-wide mode
 */
static int read_counter(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    int nthreads = thread_map__nr(evsel_list->threads);
    int ncpus, cpu, thread;

    if (target__has_cpu(&target) && !target__has_per_thread(&target))
        ncpus = perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter);
    else
        ncpus = 1;

    if (!counter->supported)
        return -ENOENT;

    if (counter->system_wide)
        nthreads = 1;

    for (thread = 0; thread < nthreads; thread++) {
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; cpu++) {
            struct perf_counts_values *count;

            count = perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread);

            /*
             * The leader's group read loads data into its group members
             * (via perf_evsel__read_counter) and sets threir count->loaded.
             */
            if (!count->loaded &&
                perf_evsel__read_counter(counter, cpu, thread)) {
                counter->counts->scaled = -1;
                perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread)->ena = 0;
                perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread)->run = 0;
                return -1;
            }

            count->loaded = false;

            if (STAT_RECORD) {
                if (perf_evsel__write_stat_event(counter, cpu, thread, count)) {
                    pr_err("failed to write stat event\n");
                    return -1;
                }
            }

            if (verbose > 1) {
                fprintf(stat_config.output,
                    "%s: %d: %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 "\n",
                        perf_evsel__name(counter),
                        cpu,
                        count->val, count->ena, count->run);
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static void read_counters(void)
{
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    int ret;

    evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
        ret = read_counter(counter);
        if (ret)
            pr_debug("failed to read counter %s\n", counter->name);

        if (ret == 0 && perf_stat_process_counter(&stat_config, counter))
            pr_warning("failed to process counter %s\n", counter->name);
    }
}

static void process_interval(void)
{
    struct timespec ts, rs;

    read_counters();

    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
    diff_timespec(&rs, &ts, &ref_time);

    if (STAT_RECORD) {
        if (WRITE_STAT_ROUND_EVENT(rs.tv_sec * NSEC_PER_SEC + rs.tv_nsec, INTERVAL))
            pr_err("failed to write stat round event\n");
    }

    init_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats);
    update_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats, stat_config.interval * 1000000);
    print_counters(&rs, 0, NULL);
}

static void enable_counters(void)
{
    if (initial_delay)
        usleep(initial_delay * USEC_PER_MSEC);

    /*
     * We need to enable counters only if:
     * - we don't have tracee (attaching to task or cpu)
     * - we have initial delay configured
     */
    if (!target__none(&target) || initial_delay)
        perf_evlist__enable(evsel_list);
}

static void disable_counters(void)
{
    /*
     * If we don't have tracee (attaching to task or cpu), counters may
     * still be running. To get accurate group ratios, we must stop groups
     * from counting before reading their constituent counters.
     */
    if (!target__none(&target))
        perf_evlist__disable(evsel_list);
}

static volatile int workload_exec_errno;

/*
 * perf_evlist__prepare_workload will send a SIGUSR1
 * if the fork fails, since we asked by setting its
 * want_signal to true.
 */
static void workload_exec_failed_signal(int signo __maybe_unused, siginfo_t *info,
                    void *ucontext __maybe_unused)
{
    workload_exec_errno = info->si_value.sival_int;
}

static int perf_stat_synthesize_config(bool is_pipe)
{
    int err;

    if (is_pipe) {
        err = perf_event__synthesize_attrs(NULL, perf_stat.session,
                           process_synthesized_event);
        if (err < 0) {
            pr_err("Couldn't synthesize attrs.\n");
            return err;
        }
    }

    err = perf_event__synthesize_extra_attr(NULL,
                        evsel_list,
                        process_synthesized_event,
                        is_pipe);

    err = perf_event__synthesize_thread_map2(NULL, evsel_list->threads,
                        process_synthesized_event,
                        NULL);
    if (err < 0) {
        pr_err("Couldn't synthesize thread map.\n");
        return err;
    }

    err = perf_event__synthesize_cpu_map(NULL, evsel_list->cpus,
                         process_synthesized_event, NULL);
    if (err < 0) {
        pr_err("Couldn't synthesize thread map.\n");
        return err;
    }

    err = perf_event__synthesize_stat_config(NULL, &stat_config,
                         process_synthesized_event, NULL);
    if (err < 0) {
        pr_err("Couldn't synthesize config.\n");
        return err;
    }

    return 0;
}

#define FD(e, x, y) (*(int *)xyarray__entry(e->fd, x, y))

static int __store_counter_ids(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    int cpu, thread;

    for (cpu = 0; cpu < xyarray__max_x(counter->fd); cpu++) {
        for (thread = 0; thread < xyarray__max_y(counter->fd);
             thread++) {
            int fd = FD(counter, cpu, thread);

            if (perf_evlist__id_add_fd(evsel_list, counter,
                           cpu, thread, fd) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static int store_counter_ids(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    struct cpu_map *cpus = counter->cpus;
    struct thread_map *threads = counter->threads;

    if (perf_evsel__alloc_id(counter, cpus->nr, threads->nr))
        return -ENOMEM;

    return __store_counter_ids(counter);
}

static bool perf_evsel__should_store_id(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    return STAT_RECORD || counter->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID;
}

static struct perf_evsel *perf_evsel__reset_weak_group(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
{
    struct perf_evsel *c2, *leader;
    bool is_open = true;

    leader = evsel->leader;
    pr_debug("Weak group for %s/%d failed\n",
            leader->name, leader->nr_members);

    /*
     * for_each_group_member doesn't work here because it doesn't
     * include the first entry.
     */
    evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, c2) {
        if (c2 == evsel)
            is_open = false;
        if (c2->leader == leader) {
            if (is_open)
                perf_evsel__close(c2);
            c2->leader = c2;
            c2->nr_members = 0;
        }
    }
    return leader;
}

static int __run_perf_stat(int argc, const char **argv, int run_idx)
{
    int interval = stat_config.interval;
    int times = stat_config.times;
    int timeout = stat_config.timeout;
    char msg[BUFSIZ];
    unsigned long long t0, t1;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    struct timespec ts;
    size_t l;
    int status = 0;
    const bool forks = (argc > 0);
    bool is_pipe = STAT_RECORD ? perf_stat.data.is_pipe : false;
    struct perf_evsel_config_term *err_term;

    if (interval) {
        ts.tv_sec  = interval / USEC_PER_MSEC;
        ts.tv_nsec = (interval % USEC_PER_MSEC) * NSEC_PER_MSEC;
    } else if (timeout) {
        ts.tv_sec  = timeout / USEC_PER_MSEC;
        ts.tv_nsec = (timeout % USEC_PER_MSEC) * NSEC_PER_MSEC;
    } else {
        ts.tv_sec  = 1;
        ts.tv_nsec = 0;
    }

    if (forks) {
        if (perf_evlist__prepare_workload(evsel_list, &target, argv, is_pipe,
                          workload_exec_failed_signal) < 0) {
            perror("failed to prepare workload");
            return -1;
        }
        child_pid = evsel_list->workload.pid;
    }

    if (group)
        perf_evlist__set_leader(evsel_list);

    evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
try_again:
        if (create_perf_stat_counter(counter) < 0) {

            /* Weak group failed. Reset the group. */
            if ((errno == EINVAL || errno == EBADF) &&
                counter->leader != counter &&
                counter->weak_group) {
                counter = perf_evsel__reset_weak_group(counter);
                goto try_again;
            }

            /*
             * PPC returns ENXIO for HW counters until 2.6.37
             * (behavior changed with commit b0a873e).
             */
            if (errno == EINVAL || errno == ENOSYS ||
                errno == ENOENT || errno == EOPNOTSUPP ||
                errno == ENXIO) {
                if (verbose > 0)
                    ui__warning("%s event is not supported by the kernel.\n",
                            perf_evsel__name(counter));
                counter->supported = false;

                if ((counter->leader != counter) ||
                    !(counter->leader->nr_members > 1))
                    continue;
            } else if (perf_evsel__fallback(counter, errno, msg, sizeof(msg))) {
                                if (verbose > 0)
                                        ui__warning("%s\n", msg);
                                goto try_again;
            } else if (target__has_per_thread(&target) &&
                   evsel_list->threads &&
                   evsel_list->threads->err_thread != -1) {
                /*
                 * For global --per-thread case, skip current
                 * error thread.
                 */
                if (!thread_map__remove(evsel_list->threads,
                            evsel_list->threads->err_thread)) {
                    evsel_list->threads->err_thread = -1;
                    goto try_again;
                }
            }

            perf_evsel__open_strerror(counter, &target,
                          errno, msg, sizeof(msg));
            ui__error("%s\n", msg);

            if (child_pid != -1)
                kill(child_pid, SIGTERM);

            return -1;
        }
        counter->supported = true;

        l = strlen(counter->unit);
        if (l > unit_width)
            unit_width = l;

        if (perf_evsel__should_store_id(counter) &&
            store_counter_ids(counter))
            return -1;
    }

    if (perf_evlist__apply_filters(evsel_list, &counter)) {
        pr_err("failed to set filter \"%s\" on event %s with %d (%s)\n",
            counter->filter, perf_evsel__name(counter), errno,
            str_error_r(errno, msg, sizeof(msg)));
        return -1;
    }

    if (perf_evlist__apply_drv_configs(evsel_list, &counter, &err_term)) {
        pr_err("failed to set config \"%s\" on event %s with %d (%s)\n",
              err_term->val.drv_cfg, perf_evsel__name(counter), errno,
              str_error_r(errno, msg, sizeof(msg)));
        return -1;
    }

    if (STAT_RECORD) {
        int err, fd = perf_data__fd(&perf_stat.data);

        if (is_pipe) {
            err = perf_header__write_pipe(perf_data__fd(&perf_stat.data));
        } else {
            err = perf_session__write_header(perf_stat.session, evsel_list,
                             fd, false);
        }

        if (err < 0)
            return err;

        err = perf_stat_synthesize_config(is_pipe);
        if (err < 0)
            return err;
    }

    /*
     * Enable counters and exec the command:
     */
    t0 = rdclock();
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ref_time);

    if (forks) {
        perf_evlist__start_workload(evsel_list);
        enable_counters();

        if (interval || timeout) {
            while (!waitpid(child_pid, &status, WNOHANG)) {
                nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
                if (timeout)
                    break;
                process_interval();
                if (interval_count && !(--times))
                    break;
            }
        }
        wait4(child_pid, &status, 0, &ru_data);

        if (workload_exec_errno) {
            const char *emsg = str_error_r(workload_exec_errno, msg, sizeof(msg));
            pr_err("Workload failed: %s\n", emsg);
            return -1;
        }

        if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
            psignal(WTERMSIG(status), argv[0]);
    } else {
        enable_counters();
        while (!done) {
            nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
            if (timeout)
                break;
            if (interval) {
                process_interval();
                if (interval_count && !(--times))
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

    disable_counters();

    t1 = rdclock();

    if (walltime_run_table)
        walltime_run[run_idx] = t1 - t0;

    update_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats, t1 - t0);

    /*
     * Closing a group leader splits the group, and as we only disable
     * group leaders, results in remaining events becoming enabled. To
     * avoid arbitrary skew, we must read all counters before closing any
     * group leaders.
     */
    read_counters();
    perf_evlist__close(evsel_list);

    return WEXITSTATUS(status);
}

static int run_perf_stat(int argc, const char **argv, int run_idx)
{
    int ret;

    if (pre_cmd) {
        ret = system(pre_cmd);
        if (ret)
            return ret;
    }

    if (sync_run)
        sync();

    ret = __run_perf_stat(argc, argv, run_idx);
    if (ret)
        return ret;

    if (post_cmd) {
        ret = system(post_cmd);
        if (ret)
            return ret;
    }

    return ret;
}

static void print_running(u64 run, u64 ena)
{
    if (csv_output) {
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%s%" PRIu64 "%s%.2f",
                    csv_sep,
                    run,
                    csv_sep,
                    ena ? 100.0 * run / ena : 100.0);
    } else if (run != ena) {
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "  (%.2f%%)", 100.0 * run / ena);
    }
}

static void print_noise_pct(double total, double avg)
{
    double pct = rel_stddev_stats(total, avg);

    if (csv_output)
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%s%.2f%%", csv_sep, pct);
    else if (pct)
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "  ( +-%6.2f%% )", pct);
}

static void print_noise(struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
{
    struct perf_stat_evsel *ps;

    if (run_count == 1)
        return;

    ps = evsel->stats;
    print_noise_pct(stddev_stats(&ps->res_stats[0]), avg);
}

static void aggr_printout(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int id, int nr)
{
    switch (stat_config.aggr_mode) {
    case AGGR_CORE:
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "S%d-C%*d%s%*d%s",
            cpu_map__id_to_socket(id),
            csv_output ? 0 : -8,
            cpu_map__id_to_cpu(id),
            csv_sep,
            csv_output ? 0 : 4,
            nr,
            csv_sep);
        break;
    case AGGR_SOCKET:
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "S%*d%s%*d%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : -5,
            id,
            csv_sep,
            csv_output ? 0 : 4,
            nr,
            csv_sep);
            break;
    case AGGR_NONE:
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "CPU%*d%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : -4,
            perf_evsel__cpus(evsel)->map[id], csv_sep);
        break;
    case AGGR_THREAD:
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%*s-%*d%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : 16,
            thread_map__comm(evsel->threads, id),
            csv_output ? 0 : -8,
            thread_map__pid(evsel->threads, id),
            csv_sep);
        break;
    case AGGR_GLOBAL:
    case AGGR_UNSET:
    default:
        break;
    }
}

struct outstate {
    FILE *fh;
    bool newline;
    const char *prefix;
    int  nfields;
    int  id, nr;
    struct perf_evsel *evsel;
};

#define METRIC_LEN  35

static void new_line_std(void *ctx)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;

    os->newline = true;
}

static void do_new_line_std(struct outstate *os)
{
    fputc('\n', os->fh);
    fputs(os->prefix, os->fh);
    aggr_printout(os->evsel, os->id, os->nr);
    if (stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_NONE)
        fprintf(os->fh, "        ");
    fprintf(os->fh, "                                                 ");
}

static void print_metric_std(void *ctx, const char *color, const char *fmt,
                 const char *unit, double val)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    FILE *out = os->fh;
    int n;
    bool newline = os->newline;

    os->newline = false;

    if (unit == NULL || fmt == NULL) {
        fprintf(out, "%-*s", METRIC_LEN, "");
        return;
    }

    if (newline)
        do_new_line_std(os);

    n = fprintf(out, " # ");
    if (color)
        n += color_fprintf(out, color, fmt, val);
    else
        n += fprintf(out, fmt, val);
    fprintf(out, " %-*s", METRIC_LEN - n - 1, unit);
}

static void new_line_csv(void *ctx)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    int i;

    fputc('\n', os->fh);
    if (os->prefix)
        fprintf(os->fh, "%s%s", os->prefix, csv_sep);
    aggr_printout(os->evsel, os->id, os->nr);
    for (i = 0; i < os->nfields; i++)
        fputs(csv_sep, os->fh);
}

static void print_metric_csv(void *ctx,
                 const char *color __maybe_unused,
                 const char *fmt, const char *unit, double val)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    FILE *out = os->fh;
    char buf[64], *vals, *ends;

    if (unit == NULL || fmt == NULL) {
        fprintf(out, "%s%s", csv_sep, csv_sep);
        return;
    }
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, val);
    ends = vals = ltrim(buf);
    while (isdigit(*ends) || *ends == '.')
        ends++;
    *ends = 0;
    while (isspace(*unit))
        unit++;
    fprintf(out, "%s%s%s%s", csv_sep, vals, csv_sep, unit);
}

#define METRIC_ONLY_LEN 20

/* Filter out some columns that don't work well in metrics only mode */

static bool valid_only_metric(const char *unit)
{
    if (!unit)
        return false;
    if (strstr(unit, "/sec") ||
        strstr(unit, "hz") ||
        strstr(unit, "Hz") ||
        strstr(unit, "CPUs utilized"))
        return false;
    return true;
}

static const char *fixunit(char *buf, struct perf_evsel *evsel,
               const char *unit)
{
    if (!strncmp(unit, "of all", 6)) {
        snprintf(buf, 1024, "%s %s", perf_evsel__name(evsel),
             unit);
        return buf;
    }
    return unit;
}

static void print_metric_only(void *ctx, const char *color, const char *fmt,
                  const char *unit, double val)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    FILE *out = os->fh;
    int n;
    char buf[1024];
    unsigned mlen = METRIC_ONLY_LEN;

    if (!valid_only_metric(unit))
        return;
    unit = fixunit(buf, os->evsel, unit);
    if (color)
        n = color_fprintf(out, color, fmt, val);
    else
        n = fprintf(out, fmt, val);
    if (n > METRIC_ONLY_LEN)
        n = METRIC_ONLY_LEN;
    if (mlen < strlen(unit))
        mlen = strlen(unit) + 1;
    fprintf(out, "%*s", mlen - n, "");
}

static void print_metric_only_csv(void *ctx, const char *color __maybe_unused,
                  const char *fmt,
                  const char *unit, double val)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    FILE *out = os->fh;
    char buf[64], *vals, *ends;
    char tbuf[1024];

    if (!valid_only_metric(unit))
        return;
    unit = fixunit(tbuf, os->evsel, unit);
    snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, val);
    ends = vals = ltrim(buf);
    while (isdigit(*ends) || *ends == '.')
        ends++;
    *ends = 0;
    fprintf(out, "%s%s", vals, csv_sep);
}

static void new_line_metric(void *ctx __maybe_unused)
{
}

static void print_metric_header(void *ctx, const char *color __maybe_unused,
                const char *fmt __maybe_unused,
                const char *unit, double val __maybe_unused)
{
    struct outstate *os = ctx;
    char tbuf[1024];

    if (!valid_only_metric(unit))
        return;
    unit = fixunit(tbuf, os->evsel, unit);
    if (csv_output)
        fprintf(os->fh, "%s%s", unit, csv_sep);
    else
        fprintf(os->fh, "%-*s ", METRIC_ONLY_LEN, unit);
}

static void nsec_printout(int id, int nr, struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    double msecs = avg / NSEC_PER_MSEC;
    const char *fmt_v, *fmt_n;
    char name[25];

    fmt_v = csv_output ? "%.6f%s" : "%18.6f%s";
    fmt_n = csv_output ? "%s" : "%-25s";

    aggr_printout(evsel, id, nr);

    scnprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%s",
          perf_evsel__name(evsel), csv_output ? "" : " (msec)");

    fprintf(output, fmt_v, msecs, csv_sep);

    if (csv_output)
        fprintf(output, "%s%s", evsel->unit, csv_sep);
    else
        fprintf(output, "%-*s%s", unit_width, evsel->unit, csv_sep);

    fprintf(output, fmt_n, name);

    if (evsel->cgrp)
        fprintf(output, "%s%s", csv_sep, evsel->cgrp->name);
}

static int first_shadow_cpu(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int id)
{
    int i;

    if (!aggr_get_id)
        return 0;

    if (stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_NONE)
        return id;

    if (stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_GLOBAL)
        return 0;

    for (i = 0; i < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(evsel); i++) {
        int cpu2 = perf_evsel__cpus(evsel)->map[i];

        if (aggr_get_id(evsel_list->cpus, cpu2) == id)
            return cpu2;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void abs_printout(int id, int nr, struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    double sc =  evsel->scale;
    const char *fmt;

    if (csv_output) {
        fmt = floor(sc) != sc ?  "%.2f%s" : "%.0f%s";
    } else {
        if (big_num)
            fmt = floor(sc) != sc ? "%'18.2f%s" : "%'18.0f%s";
        else
            fmt = floor(sc) != sc ? "%18.2f%s" : "%18.0f%s";
    }

    aggr_printout(evsel, id, nr);

    fprintf(output, fmt, avg, csv_sep);

    if (evsel->unit)
        fprintf(output, "%-*s%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
            evsel->unit, csv_sep);

    fprintf(output, "%-*s", csv_output ? 0 : 25, perf_evsel__name(evsel));

    if (evsel->cgrp)
        fprintf(output, "%s%s", csv_sep, evsel->cgrp->name);
}

static bool is_mixed_hw_group(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = counter->evlist;
    u32 pmu_type = counter->attr.type;
    struct perf_evsel *pos;

    if (counter->nr_members < 2)
        return false;

    evlist__for_each_entry(evlist, pos) {
        /* software events can be part of any hardware group */
        if (pos->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
            continue;
        if (pmu_type == PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE) {
            pmu_type = pos->attr.type;
            continue;
        }
        if (pmu_type != pos->attr.type)
            return true;
    }

    return false;
}

static void printout(int id, int nr, struct perf_evsel *counter, double uval,
             char *prefix, u64 run, u64 ena, double noise,
             struct runtime_stat *st)
{
    struct perf_stat_output_ctx out;
    struct outstate os = {
        .fh = stat_config.output,
        .prefix = prefix ? prefix : "",
        .id = id,
        .nr = nr,
        .evsel = counter,
    };
    print_metric_t pm = print_metric_std;
    void (*nl)(void *);

    if (metric_only) {
        nl = new_line_metric;
        if (csv_output)
            pm = print_metric_only_csv;
        else
            pm = print_metric_only;
    } else
        nl = new_line_std;

    if (csv_output && !metric_only) {
        static int aggr_fields[] = {
            [AGGR_GLOBAL] = 0,
            [AGGR_THREAD] = 1,
            [AGGR_NONE] = 1,
            [AGGR_SOCKET] = 2,
            [AGGR_CORE] = 2,
        };

        pm = print_metric_csv;
        nl = new_line_csv;
        os.nfields = 3;
        os.nfields += aggr_fields[stat_config.aggr_mode];
        if (counter->cgrp)
            os.nfields++;
    }
    if (run == 0 || ena == 0 || counter->counts->scaled == -1) {
        if (metric_only) {
            pm(&os, NULL, "", "", 0);
            return;
        }
        aggr_printout(counter, id, nr);

        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%*s%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : 18,
            counter->supported ? CNTR_NOT_COUNTED : CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
            csv_sep);

        if (counter->supported) {
            print_free_counters_hint = 1;
            if (is_mixed_hw_group(counter))
                print_mixed_hw_group_error = 1;
        }

        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%-*s%s",
            csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
            counter->unit, csv_sep);

        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%*s",
            csv_output ? 0 : -25,
            perf_evsel__name(counter));

        if (counter->cgrp)
            fprintf(stat_config.output, "%s%s",
                csv_sep, counter->cgrp->name);

        if (!csv_output)
            pm(&os, NULL, NULL, "", 0);
        print_noise(counter, noise);
        print_running(run, ena);
        if (csv_output)
            pm(&os, NULL, NULL, "", 0);
        return;
    }

    if (metric_only)
        /* nothing */;
    else if (nsec_counter(counter))
        nsec_printout(id, nr, counter, uval);
    else
        abs_printout(id, nr, counter, uval);

    out.print_metric = pm;
    out.new_line = nl;
    out.ctx = &os;
    out.force_header = false;

    if (csv_output && !metric_only) {
        print_noise(counter, noise);
        print_running(run, ena);
    }

    perf_stat__print_shadow_stats(counter, uval,
                first_shadow_cpu(counter, id),
                &out, &metric_events, st);
    if (!csv_output && !metric_only) {
        print_noise(counter, noise);
        print_running(run, ena);
    }
}

static void aggr_update_shadow(void)
{
    int cpu, s2, id, s;
    u64 val;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;

    for (s = 0; s < aggr_map->nr; s++) {
        id = aggr_map->map[s];
        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            val = 0;
            for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
                s2 = aggr_get_id(evsel_list->cpus, cpu);
                if (s2 != id)
                    continue;
                val += perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, 0)->val;
            }
            perf_stat__update_shadow_stats(counter, val,
                    first_shadow_cpu(counter, id),
                    &rt_stat);
        }
    }
}

static void uniquify_event_name(struct perf_evsel *counter)
{
    char *new_name;
    char *config;

    if (counter->uniquified_name ||
        !counter->pmu_name || !strncmp(counter->name, counter->pmu_name,
                       strlen(counter->pmu_name)))
        return;

    config = strchr(counter->name, '/');
    if (config) {
        if (asprintf(&new_name,
                 "%s%s", counter->pmu_name, config) > 0) {
            free(counter->name);
            counter->name = new_name;
        }
    } else {
        if (asprintf(&new_name,
                 "%s [%s]", counter->name, counter->pmu_name) > 0) {
            free(counter->name);
            counter->name = new_name;
        }
    }

    counter->uniquified_name = true;
}

static void collect_all_aliases(struct perf_evsel *counter,
                void (*cb)(struct perf_evsel *counter, void *data,
                       bool first),
                void *data)
{
    struct perf_evsel *alias;

    alias = list_prepare_entry(counter, &(evsel_list->entries), node);
    list_for_each_entry_continue (alias, &evsel_list->entries, node) {
        if (strcmp(perf_evsel__name(alias), perf_evsel__name(counter)) ||
            alias->scale != counter->scale ||
            alias->cgrp != counter->cgrp ||
            strcmp(alias->unit, counter->unit) ||
            nsec_counter(alias) != nsec_counter(counter))
            break;
        alias->merged_stat = true;
        cb(alias, data, false);
    }
}

static bool collect_data(struct perf_evsel *counter,
                void (*cb)(struct perf_evsel *counter, void *data,
                       bool first),
                void *data)
{
    if (counter->merged_stat)
        return false;
    cb(counter, data, true);
    if (no_merge)
        uniquify_event_name(counter);
    else if (counter->auto_merge_stats)
        collect_all_aliases(counter, cb, data);
    return true;
}

struct aggr_data {
    u64 ena, run, val;
    int id;
    int nr;
    int cpu;
};

static void aggr_cb(struct perf_evsel *counter, void *data, bool first)
{
    struct aggr_data *ad = data;
    int cpu, s2;

    for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
        struct perf_counts_values *counts;

        s2 = aggr_get_id(perf_evsel__cpus(counter), cpu);
        if (s2 != ad->id)
            continue;
        if (first)
            ad->nr++;
        counts = perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, 0);
        /*
         * When any result is bad, make them all to give
         * consistent output in interval mode.
         */
        if (counts->ena == 0 || counts->run == 0 ||
            counter->counts->scaled == -1) {
            ad->ena = 0;
            ad->run = 0;
            break;
        }
        ad->val += counts->val;
        ad->ena += counts->ena;
        ad->run += counts->run;
    }
}

static void print_aggr(char *prefix)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    int s, id, nr;
    double uval;
    u64 ena, run, val;
    bool first;

    if (!(aggr_map || aggr_get_id))
        return;

    aggr_update_shadow();

    /*
     * With metric_only everything is on a single line.
     * Without each counter has its own line.
     */
    for (s = 0; s < aggr_map->nr; s++) {
        struct aggr_data ad;
        if (prefix && metric_only)
            fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);

        ad.id = id = aggr_map->map[s];
        first = true;
        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            if (is_duration_time(counter))
                continue;

            ad.val = ad.ena = ad.run = 0;
            ad.nr = 0;
            if (!collect_data(counter, aggr_cb, &ad))
                continue;
            nr = ad.nr;
            ena = ad.ena;
            run = ad.run;
            val = ad.val;
            if (first && metric_only) {
                first = false;
                aggr_printout(counter, id, nr);
            }
            if (prefix && !metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);

            uval = val * counter->scale;
            printout(id, nr, counter, uval, prefix, run, ena, 1.0,
                 &rt_stat);
            if (!metric_only)
                fputc('\n', output);
        }
        if (metric_only)
            fputc('\n', output);
    }
}

static int cmp_val(const void *a, const void *b)
{
    return ((struct perf_aggr_thread_value *)b)->val -
        ((struct perf_aggr_thread_value *)a)->val;
}

static struct perf_aggr_thread_value *sort_aggr_thread(
                    struct perf_evsel *counter,
                    int nthreads, int ncpus,
                    int *ret)
{
    int cpu, thread, i = 0;
    double uval;
    struct perf_aggr_thread_value *buf;

    buf = calloc(nthreads, sizeof(struct perf_aggr_thread_value));
    if (!buf)
        return NULL;

    for (thread = 0; thread < nthreads; thread++) {
        u64 ena = 0, run = 0, val = 0;

        for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; cpu++) {
            val += perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread)->val;
            ena += perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread)->ena;
            run += perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, thread)->run;
        }

        uval = val * counter->scale;

        /*
         * Skip value 0 when enabling --per-thread globally,
         * otherwise too many 0 output.
         */
        if (uval == 0.0 && target__has_per_thread(&target))
            continue;

        buf[i].counter = counter;
        buf[i].id = thread;
        buf[i].uval = uval;
        buf[i].val = val;
        buf[i].run = run;
        buf[i].ena = ena;
        i++;
    }

    qsort(buf, i, sizeof(struct perf_aggr_thread_value), cmp_val);

    if (ret)
        *ret = i;

    return buf;
}

static void print_aggr_thread(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    int nthreads = thread_map__nr(counter->threads);
    int ncpus = cpu_map__nr(counter->cpus);
    int thread, sorted_threads, id;
    struct perf_aggr_thread_value *buf;

    buf = sort_aggr_thread(counter, nthreads, ncpus, &sorted_threads);
    if (!buf) {
        perror("cannot sort aggr thread");
        return;
    }

    for (thread = 0; thread < sorted_threads; thread++) {
        if (prefix)
            fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);

        id = buf[thread].id;
        if (stat_config.stats)
            printout(id, 0, buf[thread].counter, buf[thread].uval,
                 prefix, buf[thread].run, buf[thread].ena, 1.0,
                 &stat_config.stats[id]);
        else
            printout(id, 0, buf[thread].counter, buf[thread].uval,
                 prefix, buf[thread].run, buf[thread].ena, 1.0,
                 &rt_stat);
        fputc('\n', output);
    }

    free(buf);
}

struct caggr_data {
    double avg, avg_enabled, avg_running;
};

static void counter_aggr_cb(struct perf_evsel *counter, void *data,
                bool first __maybe_unused)
{
    struct caggr_data *cd = data;
    struct perf_stat_evsel *ps = counter->stats;

    cd->avg += avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[0]);
    cd->avg_enabled += avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[1]);
    cd->avg_running += avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[2]);
}

/*
 * Print out the results of a single counter:
 * aggregated counts in system-wide mode
 */
static void print_counter_aggr(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    double uval;
    struct caggr_data cd = { .avg = 0.0 };

    if (!collect_data(counter, counter_aggr_cb, &cd))
        return;

    if (prefix && !metric_only)
        fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);

    uval = cd.avg * counter->scale;
    printout(-1, 0, counter, uval, prefix, cd.avg_running, cd.avg_enabled,
         cd.avg, &rt_stat);
    if (!metric_only)
        fprintf(output, "\n");
}

static void counter_cb(struct perf_evsel *counter, void *data,
               bool first __maybe_unused)
{
    struct aggr_data *ad = data;

    ad->val += perf_counts(counter->counts, ad->cpu, 0)->val;
    ad->ena += perf_counts(counter->counts, ad->cpu, 0)->ena;
    ad->run += perf_counts(counter->counts, ad->cpu, 0)->run;
}

/*
 * Print out the results of a single counter:
 * does not use aggregated count in system-wide
 */
static void print_counter(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    u64 ena, run, val;
    double uval;
    int cpu;

    for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
        struct aggr_data ad = { .cpu = cpu };

        if (!collect_data(counter, counter_cb, &ad))
            return;
        val = ad.val;
        ena = ad.ena;
        run = ad.run;

        if (prefix)
            fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);

        uval = val * counter->scale;
        printout(cpu, 0, counter, uval, prefix, run, ena, 1.0,
             &rt_stat);

        fputc('\n', output);
    }
}

static void print_no_aggr_metric(char *prefix)
{
    int cpu;
    int nrcpus = 0;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    u64 ena, run, val;
    double uval;

    nrcpus = evsel_list->cpus->nr;
    for (cpu = 0; cpu < nrcpus; cpu++) {
        bool first = true;

        if (prefix)
            fputs(prefix, stat_config.output);
        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            if (is_duration_time(counter))
                continue;
            if (first) {
                aggr_printout(counter, cpu, 0);
                first = false;
            }
            val = perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, 0)->val;
            ena = perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, 0)->ena;
            run = perf_counts(counter->counts, cpu, 0)->run;

            uval = val * counter->scale;
            printout(cpu, 0, counter, uval, prefix, run, ena, 1.0,
                 &rt_stat);
        }
        fputc('\n', stat_config.output);
    }
}

static int aggr_header_lens[] = {
    [AGGR_CORE] = 18,
    [AGGR_SOCKET] = 12,
    [AGGR_NONE] = 6,
    [AGGR_THREAD] = 24,
    [AGGR_GLOBAL] = 0,
};

static const char *aggr_header_csv[] = {
    [AGGR_CORE]     =   "core,cpus,",
    [AGGR_SOCKET]   =   "socket,cpus",
    [AGGR_NONE]     =   "cpu,",
    [AGGR_THREAD]   =   "comm-pid,",
    [AGGR_GLOBAL]   =   ""
};

static void print_metric_headers(const char *prefix, bool no_indent)
{
    struct perf_stat_output_ctx out;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    struct outstate os = {
        .fh = stat_config.output
    };

    if (prefix)
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%s", prefix);

    if (!csv_output && !no_indent)
        fprintf(stat_config.output, "%*s",
            aggr_header_lens[stat_config.aggr_mode], "");
    if (csv_output) {
        if (stat_config.interval)
            fputs("time,", stat_config.output);
        fputs(aggr_header_csv[stat_config.aggr_mode],
            stat_config.output);
    }

    /* Print metrics headers only */
    evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
        if (is_duration_time(counter))
            continue;
        os.evsel = counter;
        out.ctx = &os;
        out.print_metric = print_metric_header;
        out.new_line = new_line_metric;
        out.force_header = true;
        os.evsel = counter;
        perf_stat__print_shadow_stats(counter, 0,
                          0,
                          &out,
                          &metric_events,
                          &rt_stat);
    }
    fputc('\n', stat_config.output);
}

static void print_interval(char *prefix, struct timespec *ts)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    static int num_print_interval;

    sprintf(prefix, "%6lu.%09lu%s", ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec, csv_sep);

    if (num_print_interval == 0 && !csv_output) {
        switch (stat_config.aggr_mode) {
        case AGGR_SOCKET:
            fprintf(output, "#           time socket cpus");
            if (!metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
            break;
        case AGGR_CORE:
            fprintf(output, "#           time core         cpus");
            if (!metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
            break;
        case AGGR_NONE:
            fprintf(output, "#           time CPU");
            if (!metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "                counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
            break;
        case AGGR_THREAD:
            fprintf(output, "#           time             comm-pid");
            if (!metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "                  counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
            break;
        case AGGR_GLOBAL:
        default:
            fprintf(output, "#           time");
            if (!metric_only)
                fprintf(output, "             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
        case AGGR_UNSET:
            break;
        }
    }

    if (num_print_interval == 0 && metric_only)
        print_metric_headers(" ", true);
    if (++num_print_interval == 25)
        num_print_interval = 0;
}

static void print_header(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    int i;

    fflush(stdout);

    if (!csv_output) {
        fprintf(output, "\n");
        fprintf(output, " Performance counter stats for ");
        if (target.system_wide)
            fprintf(output, "\'system wide");
        else if (target.cpu_list)
            fprintf(output, "\'CPU(s) %s", target.cpu_list);
        else if (!target__has_task(&target)) {
            fprintf(output, "\'%s", argv ? argv[0] : "pipe");
            for (i = 1; argv && (i < argc); i++)
                fprintf(output, " %s", argv[i]);
        } else if (target.pid)
            fprintf(output, "process id \'%s", target.pid);
        else
            fprintf(output, "thread id \'%s", target.tid);

        fprintf(output, "\'");
        if (run_count > 1)
            fprintf(output, " (%d runs)", run_count);
        fprintf(output, ":\n\n");
    }
}

static int get_precision(double num)
{
    if (num > 1)
        return 0;

    return lround(ceil(-log10(num)));
}

static void print_table(FILE *output, int precision, double avg)
{
    char tmp[64];
    int idx, indent = 0;

    scnprintf(tmp, 64, " %17.*f", precision, avg);
    while (tmp[indent] == ' ')
        indent++;

    fprintf(output, "%*s# Table of individual measurements:\n", indent, "");

    for (idx = 0; idx < run_count; idx++) {
        double run = (double) walltime_run[idx] / NSEC_PER_SEC;
        int h, n = 1 + abs((int) (100.0 * (run - avg)/run) / 5);

        fprintf(output, " %17.*f (%+.*f) ",
            precision, run, precision, run - avg);

        for (h = 0; h < n; h++)
            fprintf(output, "#");

        fprintf(output, "\n");
    }

    fprintf(output, "\n%*s# Final result:\n", indent, "");
}

static double timeval2double(struct timeval *t)
{
    return t->tv_sec + (double) t->tv_usec/USEC_PER_SEC;
}

static void print_footer(void)
{
    double avg = avg_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats) / NSEC_PER_SEC;
    FILE *output = stat_config.output;
    int n;

    if (!null_run)
        fprintf(output, "\n");

    if (run_count == 1) {
        fprintf(output, " %17.9f seconds time elapsed", avg);

        if (ru_display) {
            double ru_utime = timeval2double(&ru_data.ru_utime);
            double ru_stime = timeval2double(&ru_data.ru_stime);

            fprintf(output, "\n\n");
            fprintf(output, " %17.9f seconds user\n", ru_utime);
            fprintf(output, " %17.9f seconds sys\n", ru_stime);
        }
    } else {
        double sd = stddev_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats) / NSEC_PER_SEC;
        /*
         * Display at most 2 more significant
         * digits than the stddev inaccuracy.
         */
        int precision = get_precision(sd) + 2;

        if (walltime_run_table)
            print_table(output, precision, avg);

        fprintf(output, " %17.*f +- %.*f seconds time elapsed",
            precision, avg, precision, sd);

        print_noise_pct(sd, avg);
    }
    fprintf(output, "\n\n");

    if (print_free_counters_hint &&
        sysctl__read_int("kernel/nmi_watchdog", &n) >= 0 &&
        n > 0)
        fprintf(output,
"Some events weren't counted. Try disabling the NMI watchdog:\n"
"   echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/nmi_watchdog\n"
"   perf stat ...\n"
"   echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/nmi_watchdog\n");

    if (print_mixed_hw_group_error)
        fprintf(output,
            "The events in group usually have to be from "
            "the same PMU. Try reorganizing the group.\n");
}

static void print_counters(struct timespec *ts, int argc, const char **argv)
{
    int interval = stat_config.interval;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    char buf[64], *prefix = NULL;

    /* Do not print anything if we record to the pipe. */
    if (STAT_RECORD && perf_stat.data.is_pipe)
        return;

    if (interval)
        print_interval(prefix = buf, ts);
    else
        print_header(argc, argv);

    if (metric_only) {
        static int num_print_iv;

        if (num_print_iv == 0 && !interval)
            print_metric_headers(prefix, false);
        if (num_print_iv++ == 25)
            num_print_iv = 0;
        if (stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_GLOBAL && prefix)
            fprintf(stat_config.output, "%s", prefix);
    }

    switch (stat_config.aggr_mode) {
    case AGGR_CORE:
    case AGGR_SOCKET:
        print_aggr(prefix);
        break;
    case AGGR_THREAD:
        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            if (is_duration_time(counter))
                continue;
            print_aggr_thread(counter, prefix);
        }
        break;
    case AGGR_GLOBAL:
        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            if (is_duration_time(counter))
                continue;
            print_counter_aggr(counter, prefix);
        }
        if (metric_only)
            fputc('\n', stat_config.output);
        break;
    case AGGR_NONE:
        if (metric_only)
            print_no_aggr_metric(prefix);
        else {
            evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
                if (is_duration_time(counter))
                    continue;
                print_counter(counter, prefix);
            }
        }
        break;
    case AGGR_UNSET:
    default:
        break;
    }

    if (!interval && !csv_output)
        print_footer();

    fflush(stat_config.output);
}

static volatile int signr = -1;

static void skip_signal(int signo)
{
    if ((child_pid == -1) || stat_config.interval)
        done = 1;

    signr = signo;
    /*
     * render child_pid harmless
     * won't send SIGTERM to a random
     * process in case of race condition
     * and fast PID recycling
     */
    child_pid = -1;
}

static void sig_atexit(void)
{
    sigset_t set, oset;

    /*
     * avoid race condition with SIGCHLD handler
     * in skip_signal() which is modifying child_pid
     * goal is to avoid send SIGTERM to a random
     * process
     */
    sigemptyset(&set);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGCHLD);
    sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, &oset);

    if (child_pid != -1)
        kill(child_pid, SIGTERM);

    sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oset, NULL);

    if (signr == -1)
        return;

    signal(signr, SIG_DFL);
    kill(getpid(), signr);
}

static int stat__set_big_num(const struct option *opt __maybe_unused,
                 const char *s __maybe_unused, int unset)
{
    big_num_opt = unset ? 0 : 1;
    return 0;
}

static int enable_metric_only(const struct option *opt __maybe_unused,
                  const char *s __maybe_unused, int unset)
{
    force_metric_only = true;
    metric_only = !unset;
    return 0;
}

static int parse_metric_groups(const struct option *opt,
                   const char *str,
                   int unset __maybe_unused)
{
    return metricgroup__parse_groups(opt, str, &metric_events);
}

static const struct option stat_options[] = {
    OPT_BOOLEAN('T', "transaction", &transaction_run,
            "hardware transaction statistics"),
    OPT_CALLBACK('e', "event", &evsel_list, "event",
             "event selector. use 'perf list' to list available events",
             parse_events_option),
    OPT_CALLBACK(0, "filter", &evsel_list, "filter",
             "event filter", parse_filter),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('i', "no-inherit", &no_inherit,
            "child tasks do not inherit counters"),
    OPT_STRING('p', "pid", &target.pid, "pid",
           "stat events on existing process id"),
    OPT_STRING('t', "tid", &target.tid, "tid",
           "stat events on existing thread id"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('a', "all-cpus", &target.system_wide,
            "system-wide collection from all CPUs"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('g', "group", &group,
            "put the counters into a counter group"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('c', "scale", &stat_config.scale, "scale/normalize counters"),
    OPT_INCR('v', "verbose", &verbose,
            "be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc)"),
    OPT_INTEGER('r', "repeat", &run_count,
            "repeat command and print average + stddev (max: 100, forever: 0)"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "table", &walltime_run_table,
            "display details about each run (only with -r option)"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "null", &null_run,
            "null run - dont start any counters"),
    OPT_INCR('d', "detailed", &detailed_run,
            "detailed run - start a lot of events"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN('S', "sync", &sync_run,
            "call sync() before starting a run"),
    OPT_CALLBACK_NOOPT('B', "big-num", NULL, NULL,
               "print large numbers with thousands\' separators",
               stat__set_big_num),
    OPT_STRING('C', "cpu", &target.cpu_list, "cpu",
            "list of cpus to monitor in system-wide"),
    OPT_SET_UINT('A', "no-aggr", &stat_config.aggr_mode,
            "disable CPU count aggregation", AGGR_NONE),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "no-merge", &no_merge, "Do not merge identical named events"),
    OPT_STRING('x', "field-separator", &csv_sep, "separator",
           "print counts with custom separator"),
    OPT_CALLBACK('G', "cgroup", &evsel_list, "name",
             "monitor event in cgroup name only", parse_cgroups),
    OPT_STRING('o', "output", &output_name, "file", "output file name"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "append", &append_file, "append to the output file"),
    OPT_INTEGER(0, "log-fd", &output_fd,
            "log output to fd, instead of stderr"),
    OPT_STRING(0, "pre", &pre_cmd, "command",
            "command to run prior to the measured command"),
    OPT_STRING(0, "post", &post_cmd, "command",
            "command to run after to the measured command"),
    OPT_UINTEGER('I', "interval-print", &stat_config.interval,
            "print counts at regular interval in ms "
            "(overhead is possible for values <= 100ms)"),
    OPT_INTEGER(0, "interval-count", &stat_config.times,
            "print counts for fixed number of times"),
    OPT_UINTEGER(0, "timeout", &stat_config.timeout,
            "stop workload and print counts after a timeout period in ms (>= 10ms)"),
    OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-socket", &stat_config.aggr_mode,
             "aggregate counts per processor socket", AGGR_SOCKET),
    OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-core", &stat_config.aggr_mode,
             "aggregate counts per physical processor core", AGGR_CORE),
    OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-thread", &stat_config.aggr_mode,
             "aggregate counts per thread", AGGR_THREAD),
    OPT_UINTEGER('D', "delay", &initial_delay,
             "ms to wait before starting measurement after program start"),
    OPT_CALLBACK_NOOPT(0, "metric-only", &metric_only, NULL,
            "Only print computed metrics. No raw values", enable_metric_only),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "topdown", &topdown_run,
            "measure topdown level 1 statistics"),
    OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "smi-cost", &smi_cost,
            "measure SMI cost"),
    OPT_CALLBACK('M', "metrics", &evsel_list, "metric/metric group list",
             "monitor specified metrics or metric groups (separated by ,)",
             parse_metric_groups),
    OPT_END()
};

static int perf_stat__get_socket(struct cpu_map *map, int cpu)
{
    return cpu_map__get_socket(map, cpu, NULL);
}

static int perf_stat__get_core(struct cpu_map *map, int cpu)
{
    return cpu_map__get_core(map, cpu, NULL);
}

static int cpu_map__get_max(struct cpu_map *map)
{
    int i, max = -1;

    for (i = 0; i < map->nr; i++) {
        if (map->map[i] > max)
            max = map->map[i];
    }

    return max;
}

static struct cpu_map *cpus_aggr_map;

static int perf_stat__get_aggr(aggr_get_id_t get_id, struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    int cpu;

    if (idx >= map->nr)
        return -1;

    cpu = map->map[idx];

    if (cpus_aggr_map->map[cpu] == -1)
        cpus_aggr_map->map[cpu] = get_id(map, idx);

    return cpus_aggr_map->map[cpu];
}

static int perf_stat__get_socket_cached(struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    return perf_stat__get_aggr(perf_stat__get_socket, map, idx);
}

static int perf_stat__get_core_cached(struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    return perf_stat__get_aggr(perf_stat__get_core, map, idx);
}

static int perf_stat_init_aggr_mode(void)
{
    int nr;

    switch (stat_config.aggr_mode) {
    case AGGR_SOCKET:
        if (cpu_map__build_socket_map(evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
            perror("cannot build socket map");
            return -1;
        }
        aggr_get_id = perf_stat__get_socket_cached;
        break;
    case AGGR_CORE:
        if (cpu_map__build_core_map(evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
            perror("cannot build core map");
            return -1;
        }
        aggr_get_id = perf_stat__get_core_cached;
        break;
    case AGGR_NONE:
    case AGGR_GLOBAL:
    case AGGR_THREAD:
    case AGGR_UNSET:
    default:
        break;
    }

    /*
     * The evsel_list->cpus is the base we operate on,
     * taking the highest cpu number to be the size of
     * the aggregation translate cpumap.
     */
    nr = cpu_map__get_max(evsel_list->cpus);
    cpus_aggr_map = cpu_map__empty_new(nr + 1);
    return cpus_aggr_map ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
}

static void perf_stat__exit_aggr_mode(void)
{
    cpu_map__put(aggr_map);
    cpu_map__put(cpus_aggr_map);
    aggr_map = NULL;
    cpus_aggr_map = NULL;
}

static inline int perf_env__get_cpu(struct perf_env *env, struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    int cpu;

    if (idx > map->nr)
        return -1;

    cpu = map->map[idx];

    if (cpu >= env->nr_cpus_avail)
        return -1;

    return cpu;
}

static int perf_env__get_socket(struct cpu_map *map, int idx, void *data)
{
    struct perf_env *env = data;
    int cpu = perf_env__get_cpu(env, map, idx);

    return cpu == -1 ? -1 : env->cpu[cpu].socket_id;
}

static int perf_env__get_core(struct cpu_map *map, int idx, void *data)
{
    struct perf_env *env = data;
    int core = -1, cpu = perf_env__get_cpu(env, map, idx);

    if (cpu != -1) {
        int socket_id = env->cpu[cpu].socket_id;

        /*
         * Encode socket in upper 16 bits
         * core_id is relative to socket, and
         * we need a global id. So we combine
         * socket + core id.
         */
        core = (socket_id << 16) | (env->cpu[cpu].core_id & 0xffff);
    }

    return core;
}

static int perf_env__build_socket_map(struct perf_env *env, struct cpu_map *cpus,
                      struct cpu_map **sockp)
{
    return cpu_map__build_map(cpus, sockp, perf_env__get_socket, env);
}

static int perf_env__build_core_map(struct perf_env *env, struct cpu_map *cpus,
                    struct cpu_map **corep)
{
    return cpu_map__build_map(cpus, corep, perf_env__get_core, env);
}

static int perf_stat__get_socket_file(struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    return perf_env__get_socket(map, idx, &perf_stat.session->header.env);
}

static int perf_stat__get_core_file(struct cpu_map *map, int idx)
{
    return perf_env__get_core(map, idx, &perf_stat.session->header.env);
}

static int perf_stat_init_aggr_mode_file(struct perf_stat *st)
{
    struct perf_env *env = &st->session->header.env;

    switch (stat_config.aggr_mode) {
    case AGGR_SOCKET:
        if (perf_env__build_socket_map(env, evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
            perror("cannot build socket map");
            return -1;
        }
        aggr_get_id = perf_stat__get_socket_file;
        break;
    case AGGR_CORE:
        if (perf_env__build_core_map(env, evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
            perror("cannot build core map");
            return -1;
        }
        aggr_get_id = perf_stat__get_core_file;
        break;
    case AGGR_NONE:
    case AGGR_GLOBAL:
    case AGGR_THREAD:
    case AGGR_UNSET:
    default:
        break;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int topdown_filter_events(const char **attr, char **str, bool use_group)
{
    int off = 0;
    int i;
    int len = 0;
    char *s;

    for (i = 0; attr[i]; i++) {
        if (pmu_have_event("cpu", attr[i])) {
            len += strlen(attr[i]) + 1;
            attr[i - off] = attr[i];
        } else
            off++;
    }
    attr[i - off] = NULL;

    *str = malloc(len + 1 + 2);
    if (!*str)
        return -1;
    s = *str;
    if (i - off == 0) {
        *s = 0;
        return 0;
    }
    if (use_group)
        *s++ = '{';
    for (i = 0; attr[i]; i++) {
        strcpy(s, attr[i]);
        s += strlen(s);
        *s++ = ',';
    }
    if (use_group) {
        s[-1] = '}';
        *s = 0;
    } else
        s[-1] = 0;
    return 0;
}

__weak bool arch_topdown_check_group(bool *warn)
{
    *warn = false;
    return false;
}

__weak void arch_topdown_group_warn(void)
{
}

/*
 * Add default attributes, if there were no attributes specified or
 * if -d/--detailed, -d -d or -d -d -d is used:
 */
static int add_default_attributes(void)
{
    int err;
    struct perf_event_attr default_attrs0[] = {

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK      },
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_CONTEXT_SWITCHES    },
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_MIGRATIONS      },
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS     },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES      },
};
    struct perf_event_attr frontend_attrs[] = {
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND },
};
    struct perf_event_attr backend_attrs[] = {
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND  },
};
    struct perf_event_attr default_attrs1[] = {
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS        },
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_INSTRUCTIONS },
  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_MISSES       },

};

/*
 * Detailed stats (-d), covering the L1 and last level data caches:
 */
    struct perf_event_attr detailed_attrs[] = {

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL         <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL         <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },
};

/*
 * Very detailed stats (-d -d), covering the instruction cache and the TLB caches:
 */
    struct perf_event_attr very_detailed_attrs[] = {

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB       <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB       <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB       <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB       <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ        <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },

};

/*
 * Very, very detailed stats (-d -d -d), adding prefetch events:
 */
    struct perf_event_attr very_very_detailed_attrs[] = {

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH    <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS  << 16)              },

  { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
    .config =
     PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D        <<  0  |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH    <<  8) |
    (PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS    << 16)              },
};

    /* Set attrs if no event is selected and !null_run: */
    if (null_run)
        return 0;

    if (transaction_run) {
        struct parse_events_error errinfo;

        if (pmu_have_event("cpu", "cycles-ct") &&
            pmu_have_event("cpu", "el-start"))
            err = parse_events(evsel_list, transaction_attrs,
                       &errinfo);
        else
            err = parse_events(evsel_list,
                       transaction_limited_attrs,
                       &errinfo);
        if (err) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set up transaction events\n");
            return -1;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    if (smi_cost) {
        int smi;

        if (sysfs__read_int(FREEZE_ON_SMI_PATH, &smi) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "freeze_on_smi is not supported.\n");
            return -1;
        }

        if (!smi) {
            if (sysfs__write_int(FREEZE_ON_SMI_PATH, 1) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set freeze_on_smi.\n");
                return -1;
            }
            smi_reset = true;
        }

        if (pmu_have_event("msr", "aperf") &&
            pmu_have_event("msr", "smi")) {
            if (!force_metric_only)
                metric_only = true;
            err = parse_events(evsel_list, smi_cost_attrs, NULL);
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "To measure SMI cost, it needs "
                "msr/aperf/, msr/smi/ and cpu/cycles/ support\n");
            return -1;
        }
        if (err) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set up SMI cost events\n");
            return -1;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    if (topdown_run) {
        char *str = NULL;
        bool warn = false;

        if (stat_config.aggr_mode != AGGR_GLOBAL &&
            stat_config.aggr_mode != AGGR_CORE) {
            pr_err("top down event configuration requires --per-core mode\n");
            return -1;
        }
        stat_config.aggr_mode = AGGR_CORE;
        if (nr_cgroups || !target__has_cpu(&target)) {
            pr_err("top down event configuration requires system-wide mode (-a)\n");
            return -1;
        }

        if (!force_metric_only)
            metric_only = true;
        if (topdown_filter_events(topdown_attrs, &str,
                arch_topdown_check_group(&warn)) < 0) {
            pr_err("Out of memory\n");
            return -1;
        }
        if (topdown_attrs[0] && str) {
            if (warn)
                arch_topdown_group_warn();
            err = parse_events(evsel_list, str, NULL);
            if (err) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "Cannot set up top down events %s: %d\n",
                    str, err);
                free(str);
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "System does not support topdown\n");
            return -1;
        }
        free(str);
    }

    if (!evsel_list->nr_entries) {
        if (target__has_cpu(&target))
            default_attrs0[0].config = PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK;

        if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, default_attrs0) < 0)
            return -1;
        if (pmu_have_event("cpu", "stalled-cycles-frontend")) {
            if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list,
                        frontend_attrs) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
        if (pmu_have_event("cpu", "stalled-cycles-backend")) {
            if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list,
                        backend_attrs) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
        if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, default_attrs1) < 0)
            return -1;
    }

    /* Detailed events get appended to the event list: */

    if (detailed_run <  1)
        return 0;

    /* Append detailed run extra attributes: */
    if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, detailed_attrs) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (detailed_run < 2)
        return 0;

    /* Append very detailed run extra attributes: */
    if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, very_detailed_attrs) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (detailed_run < 3)
        return 0;

    /* Append very, very detailed run extra attributes: */
    return perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, very_very_detailed_attrs);
}

static const char * const stat_record_usage[] = {
    "perf stat record [<options>]",
    NULL,
};

static void init_features(struct perf_session *session)
{
    int feat;

    for (feat = HEADER_FIRST_FEATURE; feat < HEADER_LAST_FEATURE; feat++)
        perf_header__set_feat(&session->header, feat);

    perf_header__clear_feat(&session->header, HEADER_BUILD_ID);
    perf_header__clear_feat(&session->header, HEADER_TRACING_DATA);
    perf_header__clear_feat(&session->header, HEADER_BRANCH_STACK);
    perf_header__clear_feat(&session->header, HEADER_AUXTRACE);
}

static int __cmd_record(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    struct perf_session *session;
    struct perf_data *data = &perf_stat.data;

    argc = parse_options(argc, argv, stat_options, stat_record_usage,
                 PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);

    if (output_name)
        data->file.path = output_name;

    if (run_count != 1 || forever) {
        pr_err("Cannot use -r option with perf stat record.\n");
        return -1;
    }

    session = perf_session__new(data, false, NULL);
    if (session == NULL) {
        pr_err("Perf session creation failed.\n");
        return -1;
    }

    init_features(session);

    session->evlist   = evsel_list;
    perf_stat.session = session;
    perf_stat.record  = true;
    return argc;
}

static int process_stat_round_event(struct perf_tool *tool __maybe_unused,
                    union perf_event *event,
                    struct perf_session *session)
{
    struct stat_round_event *stat_round = &event->stat_round;
    struct perf_evsel *counter;
    struct timespec tsh, *ts = NULL;
    const char **argv = session->header.env.cmdline_argv;
    int argc = session->header.env.nr_cmdline;

    evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter)
        perf_stat_process_counter(&stat_config, counter);

    if (stat_round->type == PERF_STAT_ROUND_TYPE__FINAL)
        update_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats, stat_round->time);

    if (stat_config.interval && stat_round->time) {
        tsh.tv_sec  = stat_round->time / NSEC_PER_SEC;
        tsh.tv_nsec = stat_round->time % NSEC_PER_SEC;
        ts = &tsh;
    }

    print_counters(ts, argc, argv);
    return 0;
}

static
int process_stat_config_event(struct perf_tool *tool,
                  union perf_event *event,
                  struct perf_session *session __maybe_unused)
{
    struct perf_stat *st = container_of(tool, struct perf_stat, tool);

    perf_event__read_stat_config(&stat_config, &event->stat_config);

    if (cpu_map__empty(st->cpus)) {
        if (st->aggr_mode != AGGR_UNSET)
            pr_warning("warning: processing task data, aggregation mode not set\n");
        return 0;
    }

    if (st->aggr_mode != AGGR_UNSET)
        stat_config.aggr_mode = st->aggr_mode;

    if (perf_stat.data.is_pipe)
        perf_stat_init_aggr_mode();
    else
        perf_stat_init_aggr_mode_file(st);

    return 0;
}

static int set_maps(struct perf_stat *st)
{
    if (!st->cpus || !st->threads)
        return 0;

    if (WARN_ONCE(st->maps_allocated, "stats double allocation\n"))
        return -EINVAL;

    perf_evlist__set_maps(evsel_list, st->cpus, st->threads);

    if (perf_evlist__alloc_stats(evsel_list, true))
        return -ENOMEM;

    st->maps_allocated = true;
    return 0;
}

static
int process_thread_map_event(struct perf_tool *tool,
                 union perf_event *event,
                 struct perf_session *session __maybe_unused)
{
    struct perf_stat *st = container_of(tool, struct perf_stat, tool);

    if (st->threads) {
        pr_warning("Extra thread map event, ignoring.\n");
        return 0;
    }

    st->threads = thread_map__new_event(&event->thread_map);
    if (!st->threads)
        return -ENOMEM;

    return set_maps(st);
}

static
int process_cpu_map_event(struct perf_tool *tool,
              union perf_event *event,
              struct perf_session *session __maybe_unused)
{
    struct perf_stat *st = container_of(tool, struct perf_stat, tool);
    struct cpu_map *cpus;

    if (st->cpus) {
        pr_warning("Extra cpu map event, ignoring.\n");
        return 0;
    }

    cpus = cpu_map__new_data(&event->cpu_map.data);
    if (!cpus)
        return -ENOMEM;

    st->cpus = cpus;
    return set_maps(st);
}

static int runtime_stat_new(struct perf_stat_config *config, int nthreads)
{
    int i;

    config->stats = calloc(nthreads, sizeof(struct runtime_stat));
    if (!config->stats)
        return -1;

    config->stats_num = nthreads;

    for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
        runtime_stat__init(&config->stats[i]);

    return 0;
}

static void runtime_stat_delete(struct perf_stat_config *config)
{
    int i;

    if (!config->stats)
        return;

    for (i = 0; i < config->stats_num; i++)
        runtime_stat__exit(&config->stats[i]);

    free(config->stats);
}

static const char * const stat_report_usage[] = {
    "perf stat report [<options>]",
    NULL,
};

static struct perf_stat perf_stat = {
    .tool = {
        .attr       = perf_event__process_attr,
        .event_update   = perf_event__process_event_update,
        .thread_map = process_thread_map_event,
        .cpu_map    = process_cpu_map_event,
        .stat_config    = process_stat_config_event,
        .stat       = perf_event__process_stat_event,
        .stat_round = process_stat_round_event,
    },
    .aggr_mode = AGGR_UNSET,
};

static int __cmd_report(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    struct perf_session *session;
    const struct option options[] = {
    OPT_STRING('i', "input", &input_name, "file", "input file name"),
    OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-socket", &perf_stat.aggr_mode,
             "aggregate counts per processor socket", AGGR_SOCKET),
    OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-core", &perf_stat.aggr_mode,
             "aggregate counts per physical processor core", AGGR_CORE),
    OPT_SET_UINT('A', "no-aggr", &perf_stat.aggr_mode,
             "disable CPU count aggregation", AGGR_NONE),
    OPT_END()
    };
    struct stat st;
    int ret;

    argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, stat_report_usage, 0);

    if (!input_name || !strlen(input_name)) {
        if (!fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st) && S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode))
            input_name = "-";
        else
            input_name = "perf.data";
    }

    perf_stat.data.file.path = input_name;
    perf_stat.data.mode      = PERF_DATA_MODE_READ;

    session = perf_session__new(&perf_stat.data, false, &perf_stat.tool);
    if (session == NULL)
        return -1;

    perf_stat.session  = session;
    stat_config.output = stderr;
    evsel_list         = session->evlist;

    ret = perf_session__process_events(session);
    if (ret)
        return ret;

    perf_session__delete(session);
    return 0;
}

static void setup_system_wide(int forks)
{
    /*
     * Make system wide (-a) the default target if
     * no target was specified and one of following
     * conditions is met:
     *
     *   - there's no workload specified
     *   - there is workload specified but all requested
     *     events are system wide events
     */
    if (!target__none(&target))
        return;

    if (!forks)
        target.system_wide = true;
    else {
        struct perf_evsel *counter;

        evlist__for_each_entry(evsel_list, counter) {
            if (!counter->system_wide)
                return;
        }

        if (evsel_list->nr_entries)
            target.system_wide = true;
    }
}

int cmd_stat(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    const char * const stat_usage[] = {
        "perf stat [<options>] [<command>]",
        NULL
    };
    int status = -EINVAL, run_idx;
    const char *mode;
    FILE *output = stderr;
    unsigned int interval, timeout;
    const char * const stat_subcommands[] = { "record", "report" };

    setlocale(LC_ALL, "");

    evsel_list = perf_evlist__new();
    if (evsel_list == NULL)
        return -ENOMEM;

    parse_events__shrink_config_terms();
    argc = parse_options_subcommand(argc, argv, stat_options, stat_subcommands,
                    (const char **) stat_usage,
                    PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
    perf_stat__collect_metric_expr(evsel_list);
    perf_stat__init_shadow_stats();

    if (csv_sep) {
        csv_output = true;
        if (!strcmp(csv_sep, "\\t"))
            csv_sep = "\t";
    } else
        csv_sep = DEFAULT_SEPARATOR;

    if (argc && !strncmp(argv[0], "rec", 3)) {
        argc = __cmd_record(argc, argv);
        if (argc < 0)
            return -1;
    } else if (argc && !strncmp(argv[0], "rep", 3))
        return __cmd_report(argc, argv);

    interval = stat_config.interval;
    timeout = stat_config.timeout;

    /*
     * For record command the -o is already taken care of.
     */
    if (!STAT_RECORD && output_name && strcmp(output_name, "-"))
        output = NULL;

    if (output_name && output_fd) {
        fprintf(stderr, "cannot use both --output and --log-fd\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "o", 1);
        parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "log-fd", 0);
        goto out;
    }

    if (metric_only && stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_THREAD) {
        fprintf(stderr, "--metric-only is not supported with --per-thread\n");
        goto out;
    }

    if (metric_only && run_count > 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "--metric-only is not supported with -r\n");
        goto out;
    }

    if (walltime_run_table && run_count <= 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "--table is only supported with -r\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "r", 1);
        parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "table", 0);
        goto out;
    }

    if (output_fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "argument to --log-fd must be a > 0\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "log-fd", 0);
        goto out;
    }

    if (!output) {
        struct timespec tm;
        mode = append_file ? "a" : "w";

        output = fopen(output_name, mode);
        if (!output) {
            perror("failed to create output file");
            return -1;
        }
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tm);
        fprintf(output, "# started on %s\n", ctime(&tm.tv_sec));
    } else if (output_fd > 0) {
        mode = append_file ? "a" : "w";
        output = fdopen(output_fd, mode);
        if (!output) {
            perror("Failed opening logfd");
            return -errno;
        }
    }

    stat_config.output = output;

    /*
     * let the spreadsheet do the pretty-printing
     */
    if (csv_output) {
        /* User explicitly passed -B? */
        if (big_num_opt == 1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "-B option not supported with -x\n");
            parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "B", 1);
            parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "x", 1);
            goto out;
        } else /* Nope, so disable big number formatting */
            big_num = false;
    } else if (big_num_opt == 0) /* User passed --no-big-num */
        big_num = false;

    setup_system_wide(argc);

    /*
     * Display user/system times only for single
     * run and when there's specified tracee.
     */
    if ((run_count == 1) && target__none(&target))
        ru_display = true;

    if (run_count < 0) {
        pr_err("Run count must be a positive number\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "r", 1);
        goto out;
    } else if (run_count == 0) {
        forever = true;
        run_count = 1;
    }

    if (walltime_run_table) {
        walltime_run = zalloc(run_count * sizeof(walltime_run[0]));
        if (!walltime_run) {
            pr_err("failed to setup -r option");
            goto out;
        }
    }

    if ((stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_THREAD) &&
        !target__has_task(&target)) {
        if (!target.system_wide || target.cpu_list) {
            fprintf(stderr, "The --per-thread option is only "
                "available when monitoring via -p -t -a "
                "options or only --per-thread.\n");
            parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "p", 1);
            parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "t", 1);
            goto out;
        }
    }

    /*
     * no_aggr, cgroup are for system-wide only
     * --per-thread is aggregated per thread, we dont mix it with cpu mode
     */
    if (((stat_config.aggr_mode != AGGR_GLOBAL &&
          stat_config.aggr_mode != AGGR_THREAD) || nr_cgroups) &&
        !target__has_cpu(&target)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "both cgroup and no-aggregation "
            "modes only available in system-wide mode\n");

        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "G", 1);
        parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "A", 1);
        parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "a", 1);
        goto out;
    }

    if (add_default_attributes())
        goto out;

    target__validate(&target);

    if ((stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_THREAD) && (target.system_wide))
        target.per_thread = true;

    if (perf_evlist__create_maps(evsel_list, &target) < 0) {
        if (target__has_task(&target)) {
            pr_err("Problems finding threads of monitor\n");
            parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "p", 1);
            parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "t", 1);
        } else if (target__has_cpu(&target)) {
            perror("failed to parse CPUs map");
            parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "C", 1);
            parse_options_usage(NULL, stat_options, "a", 1);
        }
        goto out;
    }

    /*
     * Initialize thread_map with comm names,
     * so we could print it out on output.
     */
    if (stat_config.aggr_mode == AGGR_THREAD) {
        thread_map__read_comms(evsel_list->threads);
        if (target.system_wide) {
            if (runtime_stat_new(&stat_config,
                thread_map__nr(evsel_list->threads))) {
                goto out;
            }
        }
    }

    if (stat_config.times && interval)
        interval_count = true;
    else if (stat_config.times && !interval) {
        pr_err("interval-count option should be used together with "
                "interval-print.\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "interval-count", 0);
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "I", 1);
        goto out;
    }

    if (timeout && timeout < 100) {
        if (timeout < 10) {
            pr_err("timeout must be >= 10ms.\n");
            parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "timeout", 0);
            goto out;
        } else
            pr_warning("timeout < 100ms. "
                   "The overhead percentage could be high in some cases. "
                   "Please proceed with caution.\n");
    }
    if (timeout && interval) {
        pr_err("timeout option is not supported with interval-print.\n");
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "timeout", 0);
        parse_options_usage(stat_usage, stat_options, "I", 1);
        goto out;
    }

    if (perf_evlist__alloc_stats(evsel_list, interval))
        goto out;

    if (perf_stat_init_aggr_mode())
        goto out;

    /*
     * We dont want to block the signals - that would cause
     * child tasks to inherit that and Ctrl-C would not work.
     * What we want is for Ctrl-C to work in the exec()-ed
     * task, but being ignored by perf stat itself:
     */
    atexit(sig_atexit);
    if (!forever)
        signal(SIGINT,  skip_signal);
    signal(SIGCHLD, skip_signal);
    signal(SIGALRM, skip_signal);
    signal(SIGABRT, skip_signal);

    status = 0;
    for (run_idx = 0; forever || run_idx < run_count; run_idx++) {
        if (run_count != 1 && verbose > 0)
            fprintf(output, "[ perf stat: executing run #%d ... ]\n",
                run_idx + 1);

        status = run_perf_stat(argc, argv, run_idx);
        if (forever && status != -1) {
            print_counters(NULL, argc, argv);
            perf_stat__reset_stats();
        }
    }

    if (!forever && status != -1 && !interval)
        print_counters(NULL, argc, argv);

    if (STAT_RECORD) {
        /*
         * We synthesize the kernel mmap record just so that older tools
         * don't emit warnings about not being able to resolve symbols
         * due to /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict settings and instear provide
         * a saner message about no samples being in the perf.data file.
         *
         * This also serves to suppress a warning about f_header.data.size == 0
         * in header.c at the moment 'perf stat record' gets introduced, which
         * is not really needed once we start adding the stat specific PERF_RECORD_
         * records, but the need to suppress the kptr_restrict messages in older
         * tools remain  -acme
         */
        int fd = perf_data__fd(&perf_stat.data);
        int err = perf_event__synthesize_kernel_mmap((void *)&perf_stat,
                                 process_synthesized_event,
                                 &perf_stat.session->machines.host);
        if (err) {
            pr_warning("Couldn't synthesize the kernel mmap record, harmless, "
                   "older tools may produce warnings about this file\n.");
        }

        if (!interval) {
            if (WRITE_STAT_ROUND_EVENT(walltime_nsecs_stats.max, FINAL))
                pr_err("failed to write stat round event\n");
        }

        if (!perf_stat.data.is_pipe) {
            perf_stat.session->header.data_size += perf_stat.bytes_written;
            perf_session__write_header(perf_stat.session, evsel_list, fd, true);
        }

        perf_session__delete(perf_stat.session);
    }

    perf_stat__exit_aggr_mode();
    perf_evlist__free_stats(evsel_list);
out:
    free(walltime_run);

    if (smi_cost && smi_reset)
        sysfs__write_int(FREEZE_ON_SMI_PATH, 0);

    perf_evlist__delete(evsel_list);

    runtime_stat_delete(&stat_config);

    return status;
}