python.c

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <Python.h>
#include <structmember.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include "evlist.h"
#include "callchain.h"
#include "evsel.h"
#include "event.h"
#include "cpumap.h"
#include "print_binary.h"
#include "thread_map.h"

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
#define _PyUnicode_FromString(arg) \
  PyString_FromString(arg)
#define _PyUnicode_AsString(arg) \
  PyString_AsString(arg)
#define _PyUnicode_FromFormat(...) \
  PyString_FromFormat(__VA_ARGS__)
#define _PyLong_FromLong(arg) \
  PyInt_FromLong(arg)

#else

#define _PyUnicode_FromString(arg) \
  PyUnicode_FromString(arg)
#define _PyUnicode_FromFormat(...) \
  PyUnicode_FromFormat(__VA_ARGS__)
#define _PyLong_FromLong(arg) \
  PyLong_FromLong(arg)
#endif

#ifndef Py_TYPE
#define Py_TYPE(ob) (((PyObject*)(ob))->ob_type)
#endif

/*
 * Provide these two so that we don't have to link against callchain.c and
 * start dragging hist.c, etc.
 */
struct callchain_param callchain_param;

int parse_callchain_record(const char *arg __maybe_unused,
               struct callchain_param *param __maybe_unused)
{
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Support debug printing even though util/debug.c is not linked.  That means
 * implementing 'verbose' and 'eprintf'.
 */
int verbose;

int eprintf(int level, int var, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    int ret = 0;

    if (var >= level) {
        va_start(args, fmt);
        ret = vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
        va_end(args);
    }

    return ret;
}

/* Define PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT for python 2.5 */
#ifndef PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT
# define PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size) PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) size,
#endif

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
PyMODINIT_FUNC initperf(void);
#else
PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_perf(void);
#endif

#define member_def(type, member, ptype, help) \
    { #member, ptype, \
      offsetof(struct pyrf_event, event) + offsetof(struct type, member), \
      0, help }

#define sample_member_def(name, member, ptype, help) \
    { #name, ptype, \
      offsetof(struct pyrf_event, sample) + offsetof(struct perf_sample, member), \
      0, help }

struct pyrf_event {
    PyObject_HEAD
    struct perf_evsel *evsel;
    struct perf_sample sample;
    union perf_event   event;
};

#define sample_members \
    sample_member_def(sample_ip, ip, T_ULONGLONG, "event type"),             \
    sample_member_def(sample_pid, pid, T_INT, "event pid"),          \
    sample_member_def(sample_tid, tid, T_INT, "event tid"),          \
    sample_member_def(sample_time, time, T_ULONGLONG, "event timestamp"),        \
    sample_member_def(sample_addr, addr, T_ULONGLONG, "event addr"),         \
    sample_member_def(sample_id, id, T_ULONGLONG, "event id"),           \
    sample_member_def(sample_stream_id, stream_id, T_ULONGLONG, "event stream id"), \
    sample_member_def(sample_period, period, T_ULONGLONG, "event period"),       \
    sample_member_def(sample_cpu, cpu, T_UINT, "event cpu"),

static char pyrf_mmap_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf mmap event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_mmap_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    member_def(perf_event_header, misc, T_UINT, "event misc"),
    member_def(mmap_event, pid, T_UINT, "event pid"),
    member_def(mmap_event, tid, T_UINT, "event tid"),
    member_def(mmap_event, start, T_ULONGLONG, "start of the map"),
    member_def(mmap_event, len, T_ULONGLONG, "map length"),
    member_def(mmap_event, pgoff, T_ULONGLONG, "page offset"),
    member_def(mmap_event, filename, T_STRING_INPLACE, "backing store"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_mmap_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    PyObject *ret;
    char *s;

    if (asprintf(&s, "{ type: mmap, pid: %u, tid: %u, start: %#" PRIx64 ", "
             "length: %#" PRIx64 ", offset: %#" PRIx64 ", "
             "filename: %s }",
             pevent->event.mmap.pid, pevent->event.mmap.tid,
             pevent->event.mmap.start, pevent->event.mmap.len,
             pevent->event.mmap.pgoff, pevent->event.mmap.filename) < 0) {
        ret = PyErr_NoMemory();
    } else {
        ret = _PyUnicode_FromString(s);
        free(s);
    }
    return ret;
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_mmap_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.mmap_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_mmap_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_mmap_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_mmap_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_task_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf task (fork/exit) event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_task_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    member_def(fork_event, pid, T_UINT, "event pid"),
    member_def(fork_event, ppid, T_UINT, "event ppid"),
    member_def(fork_event, tid, T_UINT, "event tid"),
    member_def(fork_event, ptid, T_UINT, "event ptid"),
    member_def(fork_event, time, T_ULONGLONG, "timestamp"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_task_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    return _PyUnicode_FromFormat("{ type: %s, pid: %u, ppid: %u, tid: %u, "
                   "ptid: %u, time: %" PRIu64 "}",
                   pevent->event.header.type == PERF_RECORD_FORK ? "fork" : "exit",
                   pevent->event.fork.pid,
                   pevent->event.fork.ppid,
                   pevent->event.fork.tid,
                   pevent->event.fork.ptid,
                   pevent->event.fork.time);
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_task_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.task_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_task_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_task_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_task_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_comm_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf comm event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_comm_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    member_def(comm_event, pid, T_UINT, "event pid"),
    member_def(comm_event, tid, T_UINT, "event tid"),
    member_def(comm_event, comm, T_STRING_INPLACE, "process name"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_comm_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    return _PyUnicode_FromFormat("{ type: comm, pid: %u, tid: %u, comm: %s }",
                   pevent->event.comm.pid,
                   pevent->event.comm.tid,
                   pevent->event.comm.comm);
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_comm_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.comm_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_comm_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_comm_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_comm_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_throttle_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf throttle event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_throttle_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    member_def(throttle_event, time, T_ULONGLONG, "timestamp"),
    member_def(throttle_event, id, T_ULONGLONG, "event id"),
    member_def(throttle_event, stream_id, T_ULONGLONG, "event stream id"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_throttle_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    struct throttle_event *te = (struct throttle_event *)(&pevent->event.header + 1);

    return _PyUnicode_FromFormat("{ type: %sthrottle, time: %" PRIu64 ", id: %" PRIu64
                   ", stream_id: %" PRIu64 " }",
                   pevent->event.header.type == PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE ? "" : "un",
                   te->time, te->id, te->stream_id);
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_throttle_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.throttle_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_throttle_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_throttle_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_throttle_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_lost_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf lost event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_lost_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(lost_event, id, T_ULONGLONG, "event id"),
    member_def(lost_event, lost, T_ULONGLONG, "number of lost events"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_lost_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    PyObject *ret;
    char *s;

    if (asprintf(&s, "{ type: lost, id: %#" PRIx64 ", "
             "lost: %#" PRIx64 " }",
             pevent->event.lost.id, pevent->event.lost.lost) < 0) {
        ret = PyErr_NoMemory();
    } else {
        ret = _PyUnicode_FromString(s);
        free(s);
    }
    return ret;
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_lost_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.lost_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_lost_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_lost_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_lost_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_read_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf read event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_read_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(read_event, pid, T_UINT, "event pid"),
    member_def(read_event, tid, T_UINT, "event tid"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_read_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    return _PyUnicode_FromFormat("{ type: read, pid: %u, tid: %u }",
                   pevent->event.read.pid,
                   pevent->event.read.tid);
    /*
     * FIXME: return the array of read values,
     * making this method useful ;-)
     */
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_read_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.read_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_read_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_read_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_read_event__repr,
};

static char pyrf_sample_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf sample event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_sample_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_sample_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    PyObject *ret;
    char *s;

    if (asprintf(&s, "{ type: sample }") < 0) {
        ret = PyErr_NoMemory();
    } else {
        ret = _PyUnicode_FromString(s);
        free(s);
    }
    return ret;
}

static bool is_tracepoint(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    return pevent->evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT;
}

static PyObject*
tracepoint_field(struct pyrf_event *pe, struct format_field *field)
{
    struct pevent *pevent = field->event->pevent;
    void *data = pe->sample.raw_data;
    PyObject *ret = NULL;
    unsigned long long val;
    unsigned int offset, len;

    if (field->flags & FIELD_IS_ARRAY) {
        offset = field->offset;
        len    = field->size;
        if (field->flags & FIELD_IS_DYNAMIC) {
            val     = pevent_read_number(pevent, data + offset, len);
            offset  = val;
            len     = offset >> 16;
            offset &= 0xffff;
        }
        if (field->flags & FIELD_IS_STRING &&
            is_printable_array(data + offset, len)) {
            ret = _PyUnicode_FromString((char *)data + offset);
        } else {
            ret = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char *) data + offset, len);
            field->flags &= ~FIELD_IS_STRING;
        }
    } else {
        val = pevent_read_number(pevent, data + field->offset,
                     field->size);
        if (field->flags & FIELD_IS_POINTER)
            ret = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) val);
        else if (field->flags & FIELD_IS_SIGNED)
            ret = PyLong_FromLong((long) val);
        else
            ret = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) val);
    }

    return ret;
}

static PyObject*
get_tracepoint_field(struct pyrf_event *pevent, PyObject *attr_name)
{
    const char *str = _PyUnicode_AsString(PyObject_Str(attr_name));
    struct perf_evsel *evsel = pevent->evsel;
    struct format_field *field;

    if (!evsel->tp_format) {
        struct event_format *tp_format;

        tp_format = trace_event__tp_format_id(evsel->attr.config);
        if (!tp_format)
            return NULL;

        evsel->tp_format = tp_format;
    }

    field = pevent_find_any_field(evsel->tp_format, str);
    if (!field)
        return NULL;

    return tracepoint_field(pevent, field);
}

static PyObject*
pyrf_sample_event__getattro(struct pyrf_event *pevent, PyObject *attr_name)
{
    PyObject *obj = NULL;

    if (is_tracepoint(pevent))
        obj = get_tracepoint_field(pevent, attr_name);

    return obj ?: PyObject_GenericGetAttr((PyObject *) pevent, attr_name);
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_sample_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.sample_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_sample_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_sample_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_sample_event__repr,
    .tp_getattro    = (getattrofunc) pyrf_sample_event__getattro,
};

static char pyrf_context_switch_event__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf context_switch event object.");

static PyMemberDef pyrf_context_switch_event__members[] = {
    sample_members
    member_def(perf_event_header, type, T_UINT, "event type"),
    member_def(context_switch_event, next_prev_pid, T_UINT, "next/prev pid"),
    member_def(context_switch_event, next_prev_tid, T_UINT, "next/prev tid"),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf_context_switch_event__repr(struct pyrf_event *pevent)
{
    PyObject *ret;
    char *s;

    if (asprintf(&s, "{ type: context_switch, next_prev_pid: %u, next_prev_tid: %u, switch_out: %u }",
             pevent->event.context_switch.next_prev_pid,
             pevent->event.context_switch.next_prev_tid,
             !!(pevent->event.header.misc & PERF_RECORD_MISC_SWITCH_OUT)) < 0) {
        ret = PyErr_NoMemory();
    } else {
        ret = _PyUnicode_FromString(s);
        free(s);
    }
    return ret;
}

static PyTypeObject pyrf_context_switch_event__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.context_switch_event",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_event),
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_context_switch_event__doc,
    .tp_members = pyrf_context_switch_event__members,
    .tp_repr    = (reprfunc)pyrf_context_switch_event__repr,
};

static int pyrf_event__setup_types(void)
{
    int err;
    pyrf_mmap_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_task_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_comm_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_lost_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_read_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_sample_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_context_switch_event__type.tp_new =
    pyrf_throttle_event__type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_mmap_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_lost_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_task_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_comm_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_throttle_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_read_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_sample_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
    err = PyType_Ready(&pyrf_context_switch_event__type);
    if (err < 0)
        goto out;
out:
    return err;
}

static PyTypeObject *pyrf_event__type[] = {
    [PERF_RECORD_MMAP]   = &pyrf_mmap_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_LOST]   = &pyrf_lost_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_COMM]   = &pyrf_comm_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_EXIT]   = &pyrf_task_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE]   = &pyrf_throttle_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_UNTHROTTLE] = &pyrf_throttle_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_FORK]   = &pyrf_task_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_READ]   = &pyrf_read_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE]     = &pyrf_sample_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_SWITCH]     = &pyrf_context_switch_event__type,
    [PERF_RECORD_SWITCH_CPU_WIDE]  = &pyrf_context_switch_event__type,
};

static PyObject *pyrf_event__new(union perf_event *event)
{
    struct pyrf_event *pevent;
    PyTypeObject *ptype;

    if ((event->header.type < PERF_RECORD_MMAP ||
         event->header.type > PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE) &&
        !(event->header.type == PERF_RECORD_SWITCH ||
          event->header.type == PERF_RECORD_SWITCH_CPU_WIDE))
        return NULL;

    ptype = pyrf_event__type[event->header.type];
    pevent = PyObject_New(struct pyrf_event, ptype);
    if (pevent != NULL)
        memcpy(&pevent->event, event, event->header.size);
    return (PyObject *)pevent;
}

struct pyrf_cpu_map {
    PyObject_HEAD

    struct cpu_map *cpus;
};

static int pyrf_cpu_map__init(struct pyrf_cpu_map *pcpus,
                  PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    static char *kwlist[] = { "cpustr", NULL };
    char *cpustr = NULL;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|s",
                     kwlist, &cpustr))
        return -1;

    pcpus->cpus = cpu_map__new(cpustr);
    if (pcpus->cpus == NULL)
        return -1;
    return 0;
}

static void pyrf_cpu_map__delete(struct pyrf_cpu_map *pcpus)
{
    cpu_map__put(pcpus->cpus);
    Py_TYPE(pcpus)->tp_free((PyObject*)pcpus);
}

static Py_ssize_t pyrf_cpu_map__length(PyObject *obj)
{
    struct pyrf_cpu_map *pcpus = (void *)obj;

    return pcpus->cpus->nr;
}

static PyObject *pyrf_cpu_map__item(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t i)
{
    struct pyrf_cpu_map *pcpus = (void *)obj;

    if (i >= pcpus->cpus->nr)
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", pcpus->cpus->map[i]);
}

static PySequenceMethods pyrf_cpu_map__sequence_methods = {
    .sq_length = pyrf_cpu_map__length,
    .sq_item   = pyrf_cpu_map__item,
};

static char pyrf_cpu_map__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("cpu map object.");

static PyTypeObject pyrf_cpu_map__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.cpu_map",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_cpu_map),
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)pyrf_cpu_map__delete,
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_cpu_map__doc,
    .tp_as_sequence = &pyrf_cpu_map__sequence_methods,
    .tp_init    = (initproc)pyrf_cpu_map__init,
};

static int pyrf_cpu_map__setup_types(void)
{
    pyrf_cpu_map__type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
    return PyType_Ready(&pyrf_cpu_map__type);
}

struct pyrf_thread_map {
    PyObject_HEAD

    struct thread_map *threads;
};

static int pyrf_thread_map__init(struct pyrf_thread_map *pthreads,
                 PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    static char *kwlist[] = { "pid", "tid", "uid", NULL };
    int pid = -1, tid = -1, uid = UINT_MAX;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|iii",
                     kwlist, &pid, &tid, &uid))
        return -1;

    pthreads->threads = thread_map__new(pid, tid, uid);
    if (pthreads->threads == NULL)
        return -1;
    return 0;
}

static void pyrf_thread_map__delete(struct pyrf_thread_map *pthreads)
{
    thread_map__put(pthreads->threads);
    Py_TYPE(pthreads)->tp_free((PyObject*)pthreads);
}

static Py_ssize_t pyrf_thread_map__length(PyObject *obj)
{
    struct pyrf_thread_map *pthreads = (void *)obj;

    return pthreads->threads->nr;
}

static PyObject *pyrf_thread_map__item(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t i)
{
    struct pyrf_thread_map *pthreads = (void *)obj;

    if (i >= pthreads->threads->nr)
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", pthreads->threads->map[i]);
}

static PySequenceMethods pyrf_thread_map__sequence_methods = {
    .sq_length = pyrf_thread_map__length,
    .sq_item   = pyrf_thread_map__item,
};

static char pyrf_thread_map__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("thread map object.");

static PyTypeObject pyrf_thread_map__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.thread_map",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_thread_map),
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)pyrf_thread_map__delete,
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_thread_map__doc,
    .tp_as_sequence = &pyrf_thread_map__sequence_methods,
    .tp_init    = (initproc)pyrf_thread_map__init,
};

static int pyrf_thread_map__setup_types(void)
{
    pyrf_thread_map__type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
    return PyType_Ready(&pyrf_thread_map__type);
}

struct pyrf_evsel {
    PyObject_HEAD

    struct perf_evsel evsel;
};

static int pyrf_evsel__init(struct pyrf_evsel *pevsel,
                PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_event_attr attr = {
        .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE,
        .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES,
        .sample_type = PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD | PERF_SAMPLE_TID,
    };
    static char *kwlist[] = {
        "type",
        "config",
        "sample_freq",
        "sample_period",
        "sample_type",
        "read_format",
        "disabled",
        "inherit",
        "pinned",
        "exclusive",
        "exclude_user",
        "exclude_kernel",
        "exclude_hv",
        "exclude_idle",
        "mmap",
        "context_switch",
        "comm",
        "freq",
        "inherit_stat",
        "enable_on_exec",
        "task",
        "watermark",
        "precise_ip",
        "mmap_data",
        "sample_id_all",
        "wakeup_events",
        "bp_type",
        "bp_addr",
        "bp_len",
         NULL
    };
    u64 sample_period = 0;
    u32 disabled = 0,
        inherit = 0,
        pinned = 0,
        exclusive = 0,
        exclude_user = 0,
        exclude_kernel = 0,
        exclude_hv = 0,
        exclude_idle = 0,
        mmap = 0,
        context_switch = 0,
        comm = 0,
        freq = 1,
        inherit_stat = 0,
        enable_on_exec = 0,
        task = 0,
        watermark = 0,
        precise_ip = 0,
        mmap_data = 0,
        sample_id_all = 1;
    int idx = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
                     "|iKiKKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKK", kwlist,
                     &attr.type, &attr.config, &attr.sample_freq,
                     &sample_period, &attr.sample_type,
                     &attr.read_format, &disabled, &inherit,
                     &pinned, &exclusive, &exclude_user,
                     &exclude_kernel, &exclude_hv, &exclude_idle,
                     &mmap, &context_switch, &comm, &freq, &inherit_stat,
                     &enable_on_exec, &task, &watermark,
                     &precise_ip, &mmap_data, &sample_id_all,
                     &attr.wakeup_events, &attr.bp_type,
                     &attr.bp_addr, &attr.bp_len, &idx))
        return -1;

    /* union... */
    if (sample_period != 0) {
        if (attr.sample_freq != 0)
            return -1; /* FIXME: throw right exception */
        attr.sample_period = sample_period;
    }

    /* Bitfields */
    attr.disabled       = disabled;
    attr.inherit        = inherit;
    attr.pinned     = pinned;
    attr.exclusive      = exclusive;
    attr.exclude_user   = exclude_user;
    attr.exclude_kernel = exclude_kernel;
    attr.exclude_hv     = exclude_hv;
    attr.exclude_idle   = exclude_idle;
    attr.mmap       = mmap;
    attr.context_switch = context_switch;
    attr.comm       = comm;
    attr.freq       = freq;
    attr.inherit_stat   = inherit_stat;
    attr.enable_on_exec = enable_on_exec;
    attr.task       = task;
    attr.watermark      = watermark;
    attr.precise_ip     = precise_ip;
    attr.mmap_data      = mmap_data;
    attr.sample_id_all  = sample_id_all;
    attr.size       = sizeof(attr);

    perf_evsel__init(&pevsel->evsel, &attr, idx);
    return 0;
}

static void pyrf_evsel__delete(struct pyrf_evsel *pevsel)
{
    perf_evsel__exit(&pevsel->evsel);
    Py_TYPE(pevsel)->tp_free((PyObject*)pevsel);
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evsel__open(struct pyrf_evsel *pevsel,
                  PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_evsel *evsel = &pevsel->evsel;
    struct cpu_map *cpus = NULL;
    struct thread_map *threads = NULL;
    PyObject *pcpus = NULL, *pthreads = NULL;
    int group = 0, inherit = 0;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "cpus", "threads", "group", "inherit", NULL };

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|OOii", kwlist,
                     &pcpus, &pthreads, &group, &inherit))
        return NULL;

    if (pthreads != NULL)
        threads = ((struct pyrf_thread_map *)pthreads)->threads;

    if (pcpus != NULL)
        cpus = ((struct pyrf_cpu_map *)pcpus)->cpus;

    evsel->attr.inherit = inherit;
    /*
     * This will group just the fds for this single evsel, to group
     * multiple events, use evlist.open().
     */
    if (perf_evsel__open(evsel, cpus, threads) < 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyMethodDef pyrf_evsel__methods[] = {
    {
        .ml_name  = "open",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evsel__open,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("open the event selector file descriptor table.")
    },
    { .ml_name = NULL, }
};

static char pyrf_evsel__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf event selector list object.");

static PyTypeObject pyrf_evsel__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.evsel",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_evsel),
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)pyrf_evsel__delete,
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_evsel__doc,
    .tp_methods = pyrf_evsel__methods,
    .tp_init    = (initproc)pyrf_evsel__init,
};

static int pyrf_evsel__setup_types(void)
{
    pyrf_evsel__type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
    return PyType_Ready(&pyrf_evsel__type);
}

struct pyrf_evlist {
    PyObject_HEAD

    struct perf_evlist evlist;
};

static int pyrf_evlist__init(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                 PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs __maybe_unused)
{
    PyObject *pcpus = NULL, *pthreads = NULL;
    struct cpu_map *cpus;
    struct thread_map *threads;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &pcpus, &pthreads))
        return -1;

    threads = ((struct pyrf_thread_map *)pthreads)->threads;
    cpus = ((struct pyrf_cpu_map *)pcpus)->cpus;
    perf_evlist__init(&pevlist->evlist, cpus, threads);
    return 0;
}

static void pyrf_evlist__delete(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist)
{
    perf_evlist__exit(&pevlist->evlist);
    Py_TYPE(pevlist)->tp_free((PyObject*)pevlist);
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__mmap(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                   PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "pages", "overwrite", NULL };
    int pages = 128, overwrite = false;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|ii", kwlist,
                     &pages, &overwrite))
        return NULL;

    if (perf_evlist__mmap(evlist, pages) < 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__poll(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                   PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "timeout", NULL };
    int timeout = -1, n;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|i", kwlist, &timeout))
        return NULL;

    n = perf_evlist__poll(evlist, timeout);
    if (n < 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    return Py_BuildValue("i", n);
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__get_pollfd(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                     PyObject *args __maybe_unused,
                     PyObject *kwargs __maybe_unused)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
        PyObject *list = PyList_New(0);
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < evlist->pollfd.nr; ++i) {
        PyObject *file;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        FILE *fp = fdopen(evlist->pollfd.entries[i].fd, "r");

        if (fp == NULL)
            goto free_list;

        file = PyFile_FromFile(fp, "perf", "r", NULL);
#else
        file = PyFile_FromFd(evlist->pollfd.entries[i].fd, "perf", "r", -1, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1);
#endif
        if (file == NULL)
            goto free_list;

        if (PyList_Append(list, file) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(file);
            goto free_list;
        }

        Py_DECREF(file);
    }

    return list;
free_list:
    return PyErr_NoMemory();
}


static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__add(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                  PyObject *args,
                  PyObject *kwargs __maybe_unused)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
    PyObject *pevsel;
    struct perf_evsel *evsel;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &pevsel))
        return NULL;

    Py_INCREF(pevsel);
    evsel = &((struct pyrf_evsel *)pevsel)->evsel;
    evsel->idx = evlist->nr_entries;
    perf_evlist__add(evlist, evsel);

    return Py_BuildValue("i", evlist->nr_entries);
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__read_on_cpu(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                      PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
    union perf_event *event;
    int sample_id_all = 1, cpu;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "cpu", "sample_id_all", NULL };
    struct perf_mmap *md;
    int err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "i|i", kwlist,
                     &cpu, &sample_id_all))
        return NULL;

    md = &evlist->mmap[cpu];
    if (perf_mmap__read_init(md) < 0)
        goto end;

    event = perf_mmap__read_event(md);
    if (event != NULL) {
        PyObject *pyevent = pyrf_event__new(event);
        struct pyrf_event *pevent = (struct pyrf_event *)pyevent;
        struct perf_evsel *evsel;

        if (pyevent == NULL)
            return PyErr_NoMemory();

        evsel = perf_evlist__event2evsel(evlist, event);
        if (!evsel) {
            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
            return Py_None;
        }

        pevent->evsel = evsel;

        err = perf_evsel__parse_sample(evsel, event, &pevent->sample);

        /* Consume the even only after we parsed it out. */
        perf_mmap__consume(md);

        if (err)
            return PyErr_Format(PyExc_OSError,
                        "perf: can't parse sample, err=%d", err);
        return pyevent;
    }
end:
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__open(struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist,
                   PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct perf_evlist *evlist = &pevlist->evlist;
    int group = 0;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "group", NULL };

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|OOii", kwlist, &group))
        return NULL;

    if (group)
        perf_evlist__set_leader(evlist);

    if (perf_evlist__open(evlist) < 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyMethodDef pyrf_evlist__methods[] = {
    {
        .ml_name  = "mmap",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__mmap,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("mmap the file descriptor table.")
    },
    {
        .ml_name  = "open",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__open,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("open the file descriptors.")
    },
    {
        .ml_name  = "poll",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__poll,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("poll the file descriptor table.")
    },
    {
        .ml_name  = "get_pollfd",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__get_pollfd,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("get the poll file descriptor table.")
    },
    {
        .ml_name  = "add",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__add,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("adds an event selector to the list.")
    },
    {
        .ml_name  = "read_on_cpu",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction)pyrf_evlist__read_on_cpu,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("reads an event.")
    },
    { .ml_name = NULL, }
};

static Py_ssize_t pyrf_evlist__length(PyObject *obj)
{
    struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist = (void *)obj;

    return pevlist->evlist.nr_entries;
}

static PyObject *pyrf_evlist__item(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t i)
{
    struct pyrf_evlist *pevlist = (void *)obj;
    struct perf_evsel *pos;

    if (i >= pevlist->evlist.nr_entries)
        return NULL;

    evlist__for_each_entry(&pevlist->evlist, pos) {
        if (i-- == 0)
            break;
    }

    return Py_BuildValue("O", container_of(pos, struct pyrf_evsel, evsel));
}

static PySequenceMethods pyrf_evlist__sequence_methods = {
    .sq_length = pyrf_evlist__length,
    .sq_item   = pyrf_evlist__item,
};

static char pyrf_evlist__doc[] = PyDoc_STR("perf event selector list object.");

static PyTypeObject pyrf_evlist__type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name    = "perf.evlist",
    .tp_basicsize   = sizeof(struct pyrf_evlist),
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)pyrf_evlist__delete,
    .tp_flags   = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_as_sequence = &pyrf_evlist__sequence_methods,
    .tp_doc     = pyrf_evlist__doc,
    .tp_methods = pyrf_evlist__methods,
    .tp_init    = (initproc)pyrf_evlist__init,
};

static int pyrf_evlist__setup_types(void)
{
    pyrf_evlist__type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
    return PyType_Ready(&pyrf_evlist__type);
}

#define PERF_CONST(name) { #name, PERF_##name }

static struct {
    const char *name;
    int     value;
} perf__constants[] = {
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_HARDWARE),
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_SOFTWARE),
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_TRACEPOINT),
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_HW_CACHE),
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_RAW),
    PERF_CONST(TYPE_BREAKPOINT),

    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_REFERENCES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_MISSES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_BRANCH_INSTRUCTIONS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_BRANCH_MISSES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_BUS_CYCLES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_BPU),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_WRITE),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS),

    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND),

    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_CONTEXT_SWITCHES),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_CPU_MIGRATIONS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MIN),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MAJ),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_ALIGNMENT_FAULTS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_EMULATION_FAULTS),
    PERF_CONST(COUNT_SW_DUMMY),

    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_IP),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_TID),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_TIME),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_ADDR),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_READ),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_ID),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_CPU),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_PERIOD),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_STREAM_ID),
    PERF_CONST(SAMPLE_RAW),

    PERF_CONST(FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED),
    PERF_CONST(FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING),
    PERF_CONST(FORMAT_ID),
    PERF_CONST(FORMAT_GROUP),

    PERF_CONST(RECORD_MMAP),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_LOST),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_COMM),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_EXIT),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_THROTTLE),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_UNTHROTTLE),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_FORK),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_READ),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_SAMPLE),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_MMAP2),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_AUX),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_ITRACE_START),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_LOST_SAMPLES),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_SWITCH),
    PERF_CONST(RECORD_SWITCH_CPU_WIDE),

    PERF_CONST(RECORD_MISC_SWITCH_OUT),
    { .name = NULL, },
};

static PyObject *pyrf__tracepoint(struct pyrf_evsel *pevsel,
                  PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    struct event_format *tp_format;
    static char *kwlist[] = { "sys", "name", NULL };
    char *sys  = NULL;
    char *name = NULL;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|ss", kwlist,
                     &sys, &name))
        return NULL;

    tp_format = trace_event__tp_format(sys, name);
    if (IS_ERR(tp_format))
        return _PyLong_FromLong(-1);

    return _PyLong_FromLong(tp_format->id);
}

static PyMethodDef perf__methods[] = {
    {
        .ml_name  = "tracepoint",
        .ml_meth  = (PyCFunction) pyrf__tracepoint,
        .ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
        .ml_doc   = PyDoc_STR("Get tracepoint config.")
    },
    { .ml_name = NULL, }
};

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
PyMODINIT_FUNC initperf(void)
#else
PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_perf(void)
#endif
{
    PyObject *obj;
    int i;
    PyObject *dict;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("perf", perf__methods);
#else
    static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
        PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
        "perf",         /* m_name */
        "",         /* m_doc */
        -1,         /* m_size */
        perf__methods,      /* m_methods */
        NULL,           /* m_reload */
        NULL,           /* m_traverse */
        NULL,           /* m_clear */
        NULL,           /* m_free */
    };
    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
#endif

    if (module == NULL ||
        pyrf_event__setup_types() < 0 ||
        pyrf_evlist__setup_types() < 0 ||
        pyrf_evsel__setup_types() < 0 ||
        pyrf_thread_map__setup_types() < 0 ||
        pyrf_cpu_map__setup_types() < 0)
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        return;
#else
        return module;
#endif

    /* The page_size is placed in util object. */
    page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_evlist__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "evlist", (PyObject*)&pyrf_evlist__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_evsel__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "evsel", (PyObject*)&pyrf_evsel__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_mmap_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "mmap_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_mmap_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_lost_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "lost_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_lost_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_comm_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "comm_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_comm_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_task_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "task_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_task_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_throttle_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "throttle_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_throttle_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_task_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "task_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_task_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_read_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "read_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_read_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_sample_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "sample_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_sample_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_context_switch_event__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "switch_event", (PyObject *)&pyrf_context_switch_event__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_thread_map__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "thread_map", (PyObject*)&pyrf_thread_map__type);

    Py_INCREF(&pyrf_cpu_map__type);
    PyModule_AddObject(module, "cpu_map", (PyObject*)&pyrf_cpu_map__type);

    dict = PyModule_GetDict(module);
    if (dict == NULL)
        goto error;

    for (i = 0; perf__constants[i].name != NULL; i++) {
        obj = _PyLong_FromLong(perf__constants[i].value);
        if (obj == NULL)
            goto error;
        PyDict_SetItemString(dict, perf__constants[i].name, obj);
        Py_DECREF(obj);
    }

error:
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "perf: Init failed!");
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
    return module;
#endif
}

/*
 * Dummy, to avoid dragging all the test_attr infrastructure in the python
 * binding.
 */
void test_attr__open(struct perf_event_attr *attr, pid_t pid, int cpu,
                     int fd, int group_fd, unsigned long flags)
{
}